Utilizing Arachis cardenasii as a source of Cercospora leafspot resistance for peanut improvement

Summary Advanced generation 40-chromosome hybrids between A. hypogaea (2n=4x=40) and a wild diploid species. A. cardenasii were evaluated for early leafspot, Cercospora arachidicola resistance and agronomic potential. The objective of this investigation was to determine if early leafspot resistance derived from a wild species could be incorporated into the A. hypogaea genome. Interspecific hybrid selections were made and then compared in the field and greenhouse to susceptible cultivars and to A. hypogaea lines which are reported to be resistant to early leafspot. Significantly higher levels of resistance were found in five hybrid selections than in cultivated lines based on numbers of lesions per leaf. In a greenhouse study, several hybrid selections also had greatly reduced sporulation from lesions as compared to A. hypogaea. Several mechanisms of resistance are believed to be present. Although hybrid selections had small seeds and low yields as compared to A. hypogaea, a new and valuable source of early leafspot resistance derived from the species A. cardenasii is present.Paper no. 8814 of the journal series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27695. This research was partially funded by AID-Peanut CRSP grant DAN-4048-G-SS-2065-00.     

辣椒褐斑病菌分生孢子产生条件初探

 The sporulation conditions of Cercospora capsici were tested with physical and chemical methods. Conventional and particular media, ultraviolet radiation and different treatments on mycelia suspension were applied and studied. It was found that C. capsici could produce conidia in the media of corn leaf powder agar and pepper leaf powder agar. The numbers of conidia produced in the two kinds of botanical media were 24 000 and 35 000 spores/mL, respectively. Compared with those isolated from the leaves, the conidia produced in the botanical media were more slender and pointed in morphology.     

大豆紫斑病菌毒素研究

 大豆紫斑病菌(Cercospora Kikuchii Matsumoto and Tomoyasu)可产生一种非专化毒素——尾孢毒素(Cercosporin),它是大豆紫斑病致病的重要因子。该菌PDA培养物经乙醇浸提、脱水磷酸氢钙柱层析可得一定纯度尾孢毒素。本文分析了该毒素紫外可见光谱吸收与高效液相(HPLC)鉴定结果。生物活性测试表明,该毒素具有明显的光敏致毒活性。     

广西香蕉主要叶斑病菌拮抗微生物的分离筛选

从不同作物根际土壤中分离得到微生物菌株1223株。以香蕉叶斑病5种病原菌为靶标进行的拮抗菌筛选结果显示,香蕉尾孢的拮抗菌检出率(39.3%)最低。在以香蕉尾孢为指示菌的筛选中发现,放线菌中拮抗性菌株的出现率(33.3%)明显高于细菌(14.9%),不同类别作物中以香蕉根围拮抗性菌株的出现率(23.3%)最高。筛选到的拮抗细菌B106菌株和拮抗放线菌St1607菌株连续移植6次,对香蕉尾孢的抑菌力均保持稳定。2株拮抗菌除对香蕉叶斑病菌具较高抑菌活性外,对其余11种植物病原菌均表现不同程度的抑制效果。     

广州附近的草莓病害

 草莓在广州附近的主要病害为轮斑病(Phomopsis obscurans)、灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)、灰斑病(Cercospora fagarina sp.nov.)、叶霉病(Cladosporium cladosporioides)、基腐病(Rhizoctonia solani)、软腐病(Rhizopus stolonifer,R.sexualis)和褐斑病(Pestalotiopsis adusta)等7种,尤以第一、二种危害严重,Cercospora fragarina是个新种,Rhizopus sexualis是国内新纪录,草莓在广州附近虽试种成功,今后扩大栽培,不可不注意病害的防治。     

豇豆叶霉病菌分生孢子萌发条件初探

研究证明:豇豆叶霉病菌即菜豆尾孢(Cercospora cruenia Sacc)的分生孢子只能在水膜中萌发;病斑上的分生孢子的再生能力很强,保温保湿4h就可形成分生孢子,且2～3d后产孢率达到最高峰;病叶上的部分分生孢子在干燥条件下可存活400多d,是下一生长季节的初侵染源之一;分生孢子在保湿保温(28℃)8h后萌发率达94％;在充分保湿条件下,分生孢子在5～40℃范围内都能萌发,以25～28℃最为适宜;分生孢子在pH2～pH11的0.1mol·L~(-1)磷酸缓冲液中皆能萌发,以pH5·5为最佳;不同的光照处理即连续光照(100 lx荧光24h)、连续黑暗(24h)、先光照后黑暗(12h/12h)、先黑暗后光照(12h/12h)等条件下,孢子萌发率和芽管长度都无显著差异(P=0.05)。在供试的11种杀菌剂中,65％代森锌和瑞锌合剂(65％代森锌:25％瑞毒霉=3:1)的500倍和1000倍液对孢子萌发和芽管生长都有显著的抑制作用(P=0.05)。     

不同品种甜菜褐斑病抗性分析及早期鉴定方法

采用人工病圃和自然病田同步进行抗褐斑病性鉴定筛选,初步试验结果表明,甜菜品种的含糖率随着抗病性的增强而明显提高,凡抗褐斑病品系材料,综合性状表现也较好。通过3期播种试验,植株生长至2～4对真叶期接种鉴定抗褐斑病性与田间成株鉴定结果相同,可以作为田间鉴定育种新材料的一种简便易行的方法。玛纳斯人工接种的最佳时间7月中下旬接种效果较理想,这为解决干旱地区抗病品种筛选鉴定提供了一条途径。利用甜菜褐斑病尾孢毒素粗提液对甜菜种子胚根生长的抑制作用,鉴定不同品种的抗病性,试验结果显示,各品种抗性结果与人工接种及自然病田抗性鉴定结果有一致性。试验表明采用早期鉴定方法,方法准确,可行性高,可以提高育种效率,有效缩短抗褐斑病育种进程。     

玉米灰斑病研究方法：Ⅰ玉米灰斑病菌孢子的培养

为了明确玉米灰斑病菌的产孢条件,将玉米灰斑病菌接种到马铃薯蔗糖（PSA）、燕麦番茄碳酸钙（OTCA）、玉米叶粉碳酸钙（MLPCA）、燕麦粉（OA）、粗面粉(CWPA)等5种培养基上,于25 ℃下培养,测定该菌生长速度、产孢时间和产孢量。结果表明,菌丝在上述培养基上生长速度均较慢,每天平均生长0.33 mm左右,其中以在OA和PSA上生长速度相对较快。基于上述结果,构建了玉米灰斑病菌孢子培养的二级分段培养法,即将菌丝块接种于加有10～15粒直径为5 mm玻璃珠的马铃薯蔗糖（PS）液体培养基三角瓶里,在25 ℃,180 r/min条件下振荡培养15 d,形成菌丝悬液,再取菌丝悬浮液涂布在MLPCA 培养基上,避光培养13 d左右,可获得大量供接种的分生孢子。长期光照促进菌丝生长,不利于孢子的形成,而长期黑暗不利于菌丝生长,但有利于孢子的形成。     

尾孢属的几个新种

本文报导了作者1985～1987年间在广东省肇庆地区调查栽培药用植物病害过程中发现的尾孢属新种:Cercospora alpinicola sp.nov.寄生于益智(Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.),C.alpinii-Ka'sumadaicola sp.nov.C.alpini-katsumadae sp.nov.寄生于草豆蔻(Alpinia katsumadaiHayata),C.ardrographicola sp.nov.寄生于穿心莲(Andrographis paniculata(Burmf.)Nee.),C.sauropi sp.nov.寄生于龙利叶(Sauropus apatulifolius Beille)C.evodio-rutaeearpae.sp.nov.寄生于吴茱萸(Evod:a ruttaecarpa(Juss.)Benth.),C.pueraria-thomsona ap.nov.寄生于葛(Pueraria thomsoni Benth.)。文中对以上各菌进行了形态学描述。标本存华南农业大学植保系标本室。     

水葫芦生防真菌Cercosporasp.FJ24的分离、鉴定及其分子生物学研究

从福建省得到被致病菌强烈感染的水葫芦植株,从中分离到致病菌菌株FJ24。形态学鉴定表明,该致病菌属于尾孢属。对该菌株的ITS区、EF-1、β-Tub、His-H3基因进行PCR扩增,测序结果显示其与目前已经分离、发现的多种尾孢属水葫芦致病菌存在着99%以上的序列相似性,可以认为其属于半知菌类（无性类）、丝孢纲、丝孢目、淡丛梗孢科、尾孢属的Cercospora piaropi。