大豆感染灰斑病菌后自由基含量的变化

本文采用电子自旋共振技术直接测定了不同抗性的大豆感染灰斑病菌后叶片中自由基含量的变化。结果表明,大豆品种和病原菌生理小种的组合不同,大豆叶片中自由基含量的变化不同。抗病品种接种后叶片中自由基含量增加,且一直高于相应对照的自由基含量;而感病品种则低于相应对照的自由基含量。本研究认为抗病品种叶片中增加的自由基在抗病反应中起着重要作用。     

Reduced sensitivity of Cercospora beticola isolates to sterol-demethylation-inhibiting fungicides

In a survey conducted during October 1995, single-lesion isolates of the sugar beet leaf-spot fungus, Cercospora beticola , were tested for sensitivity to the sterol demethylation inhibiting fungicides (DMIs) flutriafol and bitertanol. The isolates were collected from fields in three different areas of northern Greece. Fields at Serres and Imathia had been sprayed with DMIs for about 15 years to control sugar beet leaf-spot. At the third site, Amyndeon, DMI fungicides had not been used. From each area 150 isolates were tested. ED₅₀ values were calculated for individual isolates by regressing the relative inhibition of colony growth against the natural logarithm of the fungicide concentration. The mean ED₅₀ values for flutriafol for the Serres, Imathia and Amyndeon populations were 1·07, 0·73 and 0·5 µg mL⁻¹, respectively (significantly different at P  = 0·05). For bitertanol the mean ED₅₀ values for the Serres and Imathia populations were 0·72 and 0·81 µg mL⁻¹, respectively, which were not significantly different at P  = 0·05. The mean ED₅₀ value of the Amyndeon population was 0·48 µg mL⁻¹, which was significantly lower than those of the other two populations ( P  < 0·05). A cross-resistance relationship was found to exist between the two triazole fungicides tested when log transformed ED₅₀ values of 60 isolates were subjected to a linear regression analysis ( r  = 0·81).     

草本植物三种真菌新病害

经田间采集、分离培养、室内鉴定及致病性测定。本文报道了寄生于菊科Compositae和桑科Moraceae等9种草本植物上的3种尾孢菌及其病害:蒿褐斑病(C ercospora artenmisiae Y.L.Guo&Y.Jiang)、蓟褐斑病(Cercospora cirsii Ellis&Everh.)和草褐斑病(Cercospora humuligena Y.L.Guo&L.Xu)。上述病害在国内外均未见报道,属国内3种新病害,其中9种草本植物为国内新纪录寄主。并对每一种病害的症状和病原形态进行了描述。     

大豆感染灰斑病菌后过氧化物酶活性的变化

本研究通过分析不同抗性的大豆品种接种灰斑病菌1-10号生理小种后，叶片中过氧化物酶（POD）活性变化的规律，探讨了过氧化物酶在大豆抗灰斑病中的作用。研究结果表明，大豆抗感品种接种灰斑病菌后，叶片中过氧化物酶活性比对照植株叶片中过氧化物酶活性均有所增高，并且抗感品种接种后叶片中过氧化物酶活性变化的幅度因生理小种的不同而不同，可见，大豆感染灰斑病菌后叶片中过氧化物酶活性的变化是大豆一种普遍性的抗病反应，而且抗感品种之间过氧化物酶活性变化差异并没有明显的规律性。因此，不宜作为一种生化指标来鉴定大豆品种对灰斑病的抗性。     

Detection of resistance to sterol demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) fungicides in<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cercospora beticola</Emphasis> and efficacy of control of resistant and sensitive strains with flutriafol

Single-lesion isolates ofCercospora beticola (n=150) were collected in 1998 from sugar beet fields in the area of Serres, N. Greece. In this area, sterol demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) fungicides have been used for almost 20 years to control sugar beet leaf spot. The sensitivity of these isolates to the DMI fungicides flutriafol and difenoconazole (EC₅₀ values) was determined on the basis of inhibition of mycelial growth at several fungicide concentrations. The relative growth (RG) of isolates was correlated at all tested concentrations with the respective EC₅₀ values, indicating that RG provides a reliable estimate for the sensitivity of the isolates. The highest correlation coefficients were obtained for concentrations of 1 μg ml⁻¹ flutriafol and of 0.05 μg ml⁻¹ difenoconazole, respectively. Consequently, they are proposed for monitoring of DMI sensitivity inC. beticola populations, as single discriminatory concentrations in a simplified test method. Based on the RG values at the discriminatory concentration of 1 μg ml⁻¹ flutriafol,C. beticola isolates were classified as either resistant or sensitive. The efficacy of flutriafol, applied at the commercially recommended dose, in controlling Cercospora leaf spot was examined in field experiments conducted during 1999 and 2000. Disease incidence in plots artificially inoculated with resistant isolates and treated with flutriafol was significantly higher than in similar plots inoculated with sensitive strains. These results suggest that poor disease control after application of flutriafol may be based on the presence of resistant strains within the pathogen population in northern Greece. This emphasizes the risk of the development of practical resistance if there is increased frequency of such strains within the population. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 13, 2003.     

Root infection of sugar beet by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cercospora beticola</Emphasis> in a climate chamber and in the field

Sugar beet root infection by Cercospora beticola, the causal agent of Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), was studied in a climate chamber and in the field. In the climate chamber, root incubation of susceptible seedlings with a conidial suspension resulted in disease incidences that were significantly different for two sugar beet cultivars (Auris: 0.8 ± 0.14 and A00170: 0.5 ± 0.18; P < 0.05) with regard to the control treatment 35 days after root incubation in a standard potting soil-fine river sand mixture. In a field trial with susceptible cv. Savannah with soil-incorporated CLS-infested leaf material, disease developed four weeks earlier in the infested plots than in the control plots. The probability that disease develops in the field was significantly higher for the infested than for the control plots (P < 0.05). Symptomless plants from infested field plots transferred to the glasshouse to induce leaf spot symptoms showed a significantly higher probability to induce symptom development (0.4 ± 0.08), than plants from control plots (0.02 ± 0.02) (P <0.05) 14 days after transfer. This probability was significantly higher than for plants that remained in three of the infested field plots (0.2 ± 0.04; 0.2 ± 0.05 and 0.2 ± 0.04 respectively), except for one infested field plot (0.4 ± 0.05) on July 5. We conclude that C. beticola is able to infect sugar beet seedlings through their roots and that latent CLS infections in sugar beet lead to symptom development at high temperatures (> 20 °C) and high relative humidity (> 95) in our climate chamber or after canopy closure in the field. Quantification of root infection and long term survival in soil is necessary to assess its contribution to the epidemiology and life cycle of Cercospora beticola. Cultural methods such as a wider crop rotation, management of crop debris and ploughing systems may provide control strategies alternative to or reducing fungicide input.     

Fitness of Cercospora Beticola Field Isolates – Resistant And – Sensitive to Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicides

Isolates of Cercospora beticola resistant to fungicides that inhibit sterol demethylation (DMIs) were collected from sugar beet fields in Northern Greece. Fitness of these isolates was compared to that of DMI-sensitive isolates. The parameters measured were competitive ability both under growth chamber and field conditions, mycelial growth, spore germination, germ tube length, incubation period, virulence and spore production. The competitive ability under growth chamber conditions was measured for 4 pairs of one resistant and one sensitive isolate. Results showed that after 4 disease cycles, in 2 out of 4 pairs tested, the resistant isolates competed well with the sensitive isolates, but in the remaining two pairs the frequency of the resistant isolate decreased significantly. The competition experiment in the field was carried out by inoculating field plots with a conidial suspension consisting of a spore mixture from all the resistant and all the sensitive isolates used in this study. Results showed that at the end of the growing period the frequency of the resistant isolates had slightly decreased (P < 0.05). The measurements of fitness components of individual isolates showed that the resistant isolates had significantly lower (P < 0.05) virulence and spore production than the sensitive isolates, while no significant differences (P > 0.05) to the remaining 4 fitness components, were detected. With correlation analysis it was determined whether there is a relationship between values of each fitness component and the level of sensitivity to flutriafol of individual isolates. The correlation coefficients for virulence (r = 0.45) and spore production (r = 0.41) were significantly different from 0 (P > 0.05), indicating that resistance to DMIs affected, to some degree, the fitness of the resistant isolates.     

Cross-Resistance Patterns Among Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibiting Fungicides (SBIs) in Cercospora beticola

Thirty single-spore isolates of Cercospora beticola, collected from several fields in northern Greece, representing a broad spectrum sensitivity to the sterol demethylation-inhibiting (DMIs) fungicide flutriafol, were tested for sensitivity to eleven other sterol biosynthesis-inhibiting (SBI) fungicides and to the guanidine fungicide dodine. Sensitivity was measured as EC₅₀ values for each fungicide and log-transformed EC₅₀ values to each fungicide were pairwise correlated and the correlation coefficient estimated. These pairwise comparisons showed high correlation coefficients between the DMIs suggesting a cross-resistance relationship between these fungicides. However, the degree of cross-resistance between DMIs varied greatly. Conversely, low correlation coefficients were obtained for the pair-wise comparisons with the morpholine fungicide fenpropimorph suggesting a lack of cross-resistance between morpholines and DMIs in C. beticola. Similarly, there was no correlation between the sensitivity (EC₅₀ values) to dodine and all the other fungicides tested, indicating that there was no negative cross-resistance relationship between dodine and SBIs in C. beticola. Based on these results, combinations or alternations of fungicides which show no cross-resistance relationship should be used to control the disease in areas where reduced sensitivity to DMIs has been already observed.     

Integrated Management Practices for the Control of Maize Grey Leaf Spot

Grey leaf spot of maize, (Zea maydis L.) (Cercospora zeae-maydis) Tehon and Daniels, is one of the most destructive leaf diseases of maize. The distribution and severity of grey leaf spot has increased over the past 10 to 15 years. The United States and South Africa are main areas where research on the disease has been concentrated. The research results have provided valuable and significant insight into pathogen epidemiology and allowed an integrated management system to be developed. However, management options are a result of the agricultural system under which maize is produced. The pathogen survives only on maize, so crop rotation and stubble management are major factors in disease management, but resistant hybrids offer the best option for economic control. Many other factors, such as soil fertility, plant density, irrigation and chemical control, can significantly influence a grey leaf spot epidemic, although a single management practice will not control the pathogen effectively.     

Enquête sur les maladies fongiques de l'arachide (Arachis hypogaea) en Côte-d'Ivoire. II. Epidémiologie de la rouille de l'arachide (Puccinia arachidis)

Résumé Des données ont été rassemblées sur les maladies foliaires de l'arachide, et notamment, sur la rouille, au cours d'une enquête dans les cultures traditionnelles de Côte d'Ivoire. Des interprétations sont proposées à partir d'analyses factorielles des correspondances, et d'analyses en composantes principales. Les caractéristiques épidémiologiques de la rouille qui se dégagent de cette étude sont: des exigences assez strictes vis-à-vis du régime des pluies et de la température, an développement qui est lié au bon état physiologique de l'hôte, et une forte propension de la maladie à se propager à moyenne et grande échelles. Ces caractéristiques s'opposent à celles des cercosporioses, et en particulier, à la cercosporiose due àCercospora arachidicola. Cette maladie ne présente pas, en effet, d'exigences climatiques très marquées, se développe dans des stations d'aspect médiocre et ne possède pas les mêmes capacités de dispersion. Les résultats concernant la rouille sont en bon accord général avec les données obtenues précédemment au cours d'études monocycliques. Ils mettent, enfin, en évidence les risque problables qui accompagneraient un processus d'intensification de la culture.

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A survey of fungal diseases of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Ivory Coast. II. Epidemiology of the groundnut rust (Puccinia arachidis)

A survey was conducted in small farmers' fields in Ivory Coast to study the foliar diseases of groundnut caused by fungi. The results were interpreted by use of correspondence and principal component analyses. Some epidemiological features distinguish groundnut rust fromCercospora leaf-spots: marked weather requirements for its optimal development, a preference for vigorous plants of well-tended crops, and strong dispersal abilities at mesoscale and macroscale. These characteristics contrast with those ofC. arachidicola, which has a wider range of suitable weather conditions, and causes severe attacks in poor stands. Results are in good agreement with previous monocyclic studies. This study points at the probable risks which would accompany an intensification process in groundnut cultivation.Samenvatting Bij een enquête naar de teelt van aardnoot door kleine boeren in Ivoorkust werden gegevens verzameld over de bladziekten, vooral over de aardnootroest. De gegevens werden statistisch bewerkt met behulp van factoriële correspondentie-analyse en principale componenten-analyse. Deze analyses leidden tot een aantal epidemiologische kenmerken van de roest: tamelijk strikte eisen aan regenval en temperatuur, een ont-wikkeling gekoppeld aan een goede fysiologische toestand van de waard, en een sterke neiging van de schimmel tot verspreiding over midden-lange en lange afstanden.Voor de cercosporiosen, in het bijzonder die veroorzaakt doorCercospora arachidicola, gold het tegendeel. Deze ziekte had geen uitgesproken milieu-eisen, ontwikkelde zich op middelmatige standplaatsen, en had veel minder mogelijkheden tot verspreiding. De resultaten verkregen voor de roest waren in goede overeenstemming met de gegevens eerder verkregen uit monocyclische studies. Zij tonen de risico's die waarschijnlijk gepaard zullen gaan aan een proces van intensivering van de aardnootteelt.