Fungicide resistance in Cercospora species causing cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain of soybean in Argentina

Cercospora species cause cercospora leaf blight (CLB) and purple seed stain (PSS) on soybean. Because there are few resistant soybean varieties available, CLB/PSS management relies heavily upon fungicide applications. Sensitivity of 62 Argentinian Cercospora isolates to demethylation inhibitor (DMI), methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC), quinone outside inhibitor (QoI), succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides, and mancozeb was determined in this study. All isolates were sensitive to difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, and cyproconazole (EC₅₀ values ranged from 0.006 to 2.4 µg/ml). In contrast, 51% of the tested isolates were sensitive (EC₅₀ values ranged from 0.003 to 0.2 µg/ml), and 49% were highly resistant (EC₅₀ > 100 µg/ml) to carbendazim. Interestingly, all isolates were completely resistant to azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, and pyraclostrobin, and insensitive to boscalid, fluxapyroxad, and pydiflumetofen (EC₅₀ > 100 µg/ml). The G143A mutation was detected in 82% (53) of the QoI-resistant isolates and the E198A mutation in 97% (31) of the carbendazim-resistant isolates. No apparent resistance mutations were detected in the succinate dehydrogenase genes (subunits sdhB, sdhC, and sdhD). Mancozeb completely inhibited mycelial growth of the isolates evaluated at a concentration of 100 µg/ml. All Argentinian Cercospora isolates were sensitive to the DMI fungicides tested, but we report for the first time resistance to QoI and MBC fungicides. Mechanism(s) other than fungicide target-site modification may be responsible for resistance of Cercospora to QoI and MBC fungicides. Moreover, based on our results and on the recent introduction of SDHI fungicides on soybean in Argentina, Cercospora species causing CLB/PSS are insensitive (naturally resistant) to SDHI fungicides. Insensitivity must be confirmed under field conditions.     

西南地区玉米灰斑病菌生物学特性研究

为了进一步防治玉米灰斑病奠定基础,对西南地区玉蜀黍尾孢菌的生物学特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,该病菌生长温度为10～35℃,最适生长温度为20～25℃;病原菌对酸碱度的适应范围较广,在pH 4～11都能生长,以pH 5～7为最适pH值;分生孢子萌发温度为5～35℃,最适温度为20～25℃;光照对菌丝和孢子萌发无显著影响;病原菌最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为酵母膏,致死温度为55℃(10 min)。     

Axenic culture and influence of wetness period and inoculum concentration on infection and development of cercospora blight ofHeliotropium europaeum

Cercospora heliotropii-bocconii is a fungal pathogen of the ephemeral annual weedHeliotropium europaeum. The effects of wetness period and inoculum concentration on disease severity were studied under controlled conditions. The fungus was grown on different artificial culture media and carrot juice agar with 5 g l^–1 yeast extract was found to be the most suitable medium for conidial production under artificial conditions. Abundant disease symptoms only occurred after 8 h of wetness at 20°C. The minimum incubation period before disease symptoms appeared was 8 days following a wetness period of at least 40 h. Inoculum concentration of 1×10⁴ conidia per ml killed plants in less than one month and reduced seed production by two thirds. These results suggest that this pathogen has the potential to reduce plant survival and seed bank replenishment of this annual weed species.     

大豆灰斑病菌生理小种PCR-RFLP分子检测

采用PCR-RFLP技术建立了大豆灰斑病菌生理小种分子检测体系。引物对ITS1和ITS4PCR扩增大豆灰斑病菌的16个生理小种的DNA,均得到600bp片段;继而用HinfⅠ、RsaⅠ和HaeⅢ三种限制性内切酶将扩增产物消化,得到15个多态性片段,可将16个生理小种区分开来。     

辣椒褐斑病菌分生孢子产生条件初探

 The sporulation conditions of Cercospora capsici were tested with physical and chemical methods. Conventional and particular media, ultraviolet radiation and different treatments on mycelia suspension were applied and studied. It was found that C. capsici could produce conidia in the media of corn leaf powder agar and pepper leaf powder agar. The numbers of conidia produced in the two kinds of botanical media were 24 000 and 35 000 spores/mL, respectively. Compared with those isolated from the leaves, the conidia produced in the botanical media were more slender and pointed in morphology.     

薏苡叶枯病和叶斑病调查与病原鉴定

对福建省龙岩市新罗区薏苡叶部病害进行了调查。用组织分离法,PSA平板培养经纯化后作病原鉴定,在其上发现了两种病害:薏苡叶斑病为一种新病害,病原鉴定为薏苡尾孢(Cercospora sp.);薏苡叶枯病为福建省首次记录,其病原为薏苡平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris coicis)。     

大豆感染灰斑病菌后过氧化物酶活性的变化

本研究通过分析不同抗性的大豆品种接种灰斑病菌1-10号生理小种后，叶片中过氧化物酶（POD）活性变化的规律，探讨了过氧化物酶在大豆抗灰斑病中的作用。研究结果表明，大豆抗感品种接种灰斑病菌后，叶片中过氧化物酶活性比对照植株叶片中过氧化物酶活性均有所增高，并且抗感品种接种后叶片中过氧化物酶活性变化的幅度因生理小种的不同而不同，可见，大豆感染灰斑病菌后叶片中过氧化物酶活性的变化是大豆一种普遍性的抗病反应，而且抗感品种之间过氧化物酶活性变化差异并没有明显的规律性。因此，不宜作为一种生化指标来鉴定大豆品种对灰斑病的抗性。     

Marker analysis for quantitative traits in sugar beet

Many economically important traits are inherited quantitatively and are analysed by breeders in replicated field trials. If dense maps are available, chromosomal regions containing quantitative trait loci (QTL) can be identified and this opens up the possibility of preselecting for quantitative traits in the laboratory. In this study, QTL analysis for yield and yield components in sugar beet is used in two different populations tested in several environments in both populations, QTL were detected for all traits investigated, and their predictive value in breeding schemes was analysed by correlating predicted with observed values. Tolerance to Rhizomania, caused by a gene on chromosome 3, was the main source of genotype‐environment interaction in one population, allowing selection on a QTL basis within macro‐environments with or without Rhizomania infestation, respectively. No clear results were found for the second population tested in environments with and with‐out Cercospora infestation. Consequences for breeding strategies are discussed.     

中国玉米灰斑病发生现状与未来扩散趋势分析

【目的】明确玉米灰斑病发生现状,预测病害未来的扩展区域,为有针对性开展灰斑病的早防早控工作、保护玉米生产提供信息。【方法】采用形态、培养及分子特征鉴定的方法明确新发生玉米灰斑病区域的病菌分离物种类;汇总2004-2014年各地玉米灰斑病的调查信息,根据季风特点,推测具有重大破坏力的玉米尾孢灰斑病扩展路线,预测未来的病害发生区域。【结果】基于形态学、培养特征以及分子鉴定结果,明确了贵州西部、西北部以及四川北部的分离物为玉米尾孢（Cercospora zeina）,河北承德地区致病菌为玉蜀黍尾孢（C. zeae-maydis）,在陕西南部、西部以及河南西部鉴定出了玉米尾孢和玉蜀黍尾孢;初步明确了具有强致病力的玉米尾孢目前分布的北界。玉米灰斑病已经在中国15个省份发生,西南地区的玉米生产受到严重影响;在南海夏季风与西北太平洋副热带高压的作用下,玉米尾孢从云南西部进境后逐渐向北向东扩展,到达四川、陕西的西部,亦可能经种子携带途径进入湖北恩施,形成一个新的病害扩散源并传播至重庆、陕西安康和商洛以及河南西部山区。未来,在季风的作用下,源自西南的玉米尾孢灰斑病可能进入甘肃东南部、宁夏南部、陕西北部,并进而逐渐向北偏东方向扩展,对中国春玉米主产区构成重大威胁。【结论】确认玉米尾孢在贵州、四川、陕西、河南引起玉米灰斑病,河北的致病菌为玉蜀黍尾孢;由玉米尾孢引起的灰斑病已突破秦岭和巴山的阻隔,扩散至陕西西部、南部和河南西部,从西南玉米生产区进入了北方玉米生产区;夏季季风以及种子带菌是该种灰斑病快速传播的主要因素;未来玉米尾孢灰斑病将在季风作用下继续缓慢向北方玉米区扩散,在无灰斑病发生区域引发病害并可能在已有玉蜀黍尾孢灰斑病发生的区域形成新的重大病害威胁。     

药用植物上几个尾孢类真菌的新种及新组合

本文报导了１９８６－１９９３年间药用植物上尾孢类真菌的７个新种及１个新组合，新种是：广东尾孢，寄生于山药，玄参生尾孢，寄生于玄参，溪黄草尾孢，寄生于溪黄草，佩兰尾孢，寄生于佩兰，泽泻生尾孢，寄生于佩兰，泽泻生尾孢，寄生于佩兰，泽泻生尾孢，寄生于泽泻，姜三七尾孢，寄生于姜三七，及长春花棒孢，寄生于姜三七，及长春花棒孢，寄生于长春花；新组合是使君子假尾孢。新种均有拉丁文描述。标本存华南农业大学植保系标