鱼类低氧胁迫及营养调控和应对研究进展

低氧胁迫会减弱中华绒螯蟹 (Eriocheir sinensis) 的免疫机能和抗氧化能力。为揭示纳米硒 (nano-Se) 对低氧胁迫下中华绒螯蟹的免疫保护作用及抗氧化调控机制,在基础饲料中添加不同水平 (0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8和1.6 mg·kg⁻¹) 的纳米硒饲喂中华绒螯蟹90 d。饲喂实验结束后,进行低氧胁迫实验并注射嗜水气单胞菌 (Aeromonas hydrophila)。结果表明：1) 低氧胁迫24 h和低氧胁迫下感染嗜水气单胞菌24 h的蟹死亡率分别可达62.45%和100%,低氧胁迫12 h使血淋巴中血蓝蛋白浓度、血细胞数量、组织中超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH-Px) 活性显著升高 (P<0.05),胁迫至第24小时有下降趋势;乳酸 (LD) 和丙二醛 (MDA) 浓度在低氧胁迫12~24 h持续上升。2) 饲料中添加适量 (0.1~0.4 mg·kg⁻¹) 纳米硒可显著降低低氧胁迫下蟹死亡率和低氧胁迫下嗜水气单胞菌的致死率 (P<0.05),显著提高低氧胁迫下血蓝蛋白浓度和血细胞数量以及抗氧化酶 (SOD、CAT、GSH-Px) 活性,降低LD和MDA浓度 (P<0.05);添加0.8~1.6 mg·kg⁻¹纳米硒加剧了低氧胁迫损伤。结果表明饲料中添加适量纳米硒可改善低氧胁迫下中华绒螯蟹的免疫功能和抗氧化能力,且添加水平以0.2 mg·kg⁻¹为宜。     

Biochemical composition of pond-reared and lake-stocked Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (H. Milne-Edwards) broodstock

The morphological characteristics, tissue indices, proximate and fatty acid compositions of hepatopancreas, gonad and muscle of pond‐reared (PR) and lake‐stocked (LS) Eriocheir sinensis broodstock were compared. Lake‐stocked crabs are characterized by a blue carapace, white abdomen, golden legs and yellow setae while PR crabs have a brown carapace, grey abdomen, black legs and similar yellow setae. The carapace length and width of PR crabs were significantly less than those of LS crabs of the same wet weight (WW). The results showed that the hepatosomatic index (HSI) of PR males was significantly higher, but the gonadosomatic index (GSI) was significantly lower for PR females when compared with LS individuals of the same sex. Regardless of their origin, the muscular index (MI) of males was higher than that of females. The hepatopancreas of LS crabs had higher protein levels and lower lipid levels compared with PR crabs. The results of proximate analysis of male gonads from two different sources were similar, while the protein level in the ovary of LS females was higher than that of PR females. The tissues of males had higher water content but lower lipid and protein levels compared with females regardless of their source. The LS crabs had higher highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) levels than PR crabs in their gonad and hepatopancreas. In conclusion, our results suggest that the nutritional quality of LS crabs is better than that of PR crabs, the nutritional quality of males is poorer than that of females. The reproductive performance and larval quality of crabs from these two rearing systems should be further verified.     

Estimating the level of fruit scarring by citrus thrips from temperature conditions prior to the end of bloom

In this study, we develop and validate multiple regression models to estimate the degree of fruit scarring by citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), from heat and chill degree days. Regression coefficients indicate that cool weather during early March (2 March–16 March) and warm weather during bloom are associated with high levels of thrips scarring. The biological mechanisms leading to the temperature-fruit scarring relationships are unknown. An economic analysis suggests that using model predictions may increase the average financial return per hectare and reduce the number of insecticide treatments applied against citrus thrips.     

华钩藤中非生物碱类成分的研究

本文对华钩藤95%乙醇提取物的氯仿部分的非生物碱类成分进行分离纯化,通过理化性质和波谱技术（MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR）鉴定所得化合物的结构。分离得到8个非生物碱类成分,分别为乌苏酸（I）、β-谷甾醇（II）、奎洛维酸（III）、胡萝卜苷（IV）、奎洛维酸-3-O-β-D-海藻糖苷（V）、3β,5α,6β-三羟基豆甾烷（Ⅵ）、齐墩果酸（VII）,奎洛维酸-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（28→1）-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（VIII）,其中化合物III、V、Ⅵ、VIII为首次从钩藤属植物中分离得到。     

亚香棒虫草和冬虫夏草化学成分的测定与比较

对亚香棒虫草与冬虫夏草进行了化学成分预试，测定了水分、灰分、脂肪、总糖、蛋白质、粗纤维、Ｖｃ、醇提物、氨基酸、无机元素、甘露醇的含量，作了薄层层析、紫外光谱、红外光谱的测定。并分离与鉴定出甘露醇结晶。测定结果表明，上述两种虫草化学成分相近似     

SSR标记揭示的云南省、贵州省糯玉米与普通玉米种质资源的遗传差异

以贵州和云南的9个糯玉米地方品种和5个普通玉米地方品种为材料,用79对SSR引物共检测出330个等位变异,平均每个位点上的等位基因变异为4 18个,聚类分析结果表明在分子水平上糯玉米的确与普通玉米存在较大遗传差异,这种差异不仅仅表现在wax基因及其相关位点,而且遍布整个基因组。     

白木香良种‘热科2号’的DNA条形码分子鉴定

奇楠沉香为极具收藏及药用价值的上品沉香,其鉴定目前以化学方法为主,但其种苗从苗期至采香之间则难以用传统分类和化学方法进行鉴定,DNA条形码的发展为这一产业难题的解决提供了新的思路。本研究在明确白木香良种‘热科2号’可产奇楠沉香的基础上,采用11对植物DNA条形码通用引物对‘热科2号’和普通白木香两个沉香品种进行分子鉴定探索,发现改良的CTAB法更适合白木香叶片样本的DNA提取,继而发现ITS、ITS2和源自叶绿体的8个DNA条形码在两个品种均无变异,而ITS1序列的第159个碱基在‘热科2号’中为T,在普通白木香中为A,多样本实验证明该变异位点可以作为‘热科2号’和普通白木香种苗鉴定的分子标记。本研究结果为白木香良种‘热科2号’及其幼苗的鉴定提供分子水平的技术支持,也为白木香良种的溯源提供新的思路。     

3种滩涂贝类稚贝附着基和多层附苗技术的初步研究

2002年3～8月对菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapesphilippinarum、青蛤Cyclinasinensis和硬壳蛤Mercenariamercenaria3种滩涂贝类的变态附着基和多层附苗技术进行了试验研究。附着基分别采用黑色波纹板、透明波纹板、筛绢、塑料薄膜、扇贝养成笼托盘、扇贝网片和细砂7种。结果表明,不同附着基间的贝类幼虫附着变态效果差异极显著(p<0 01),波纹板(黑色和透明)和塑料薄膜是3种滩涂贝类的适宜附着基,幼虫的变态率最高。采用多层结构的附着基附苗(多层附苗技术)效果均优于细砂(p<0 05),用多层附着基可以提高单位水体附着面积和出苗量,单位水体附着面积扩大了2 17～2 75倍,单位水体出苗量提高了1 19～4 30倍。此外,于7月8日至8月24日以透明波纹板为附着基,采用多层附苗技术对硬壳蛤幼虫附着变态进行了中试,稚贝的变态率达66 7%,生长速度为90 09μm/d,变态后49d的成活率达90%以上,室内培育的稚贝平均壳长达4 62mm,数量约1000万枚。     

国产沉香TLC的指纹图谱分析

通过2个展开系统和3种检视方法,建立10批国产沉香的薄层色谱(TLC)指纹图谱。结果表明,该方法精密度、稳定性和重复性良好,符合指纹图谱技术要求。10批样品中检测到17个共有斑点,初步鉴定了其中6个,包括3个色酮类成分,2个倍半萜类成分和1个谷甾醇。     

茶树抗性育种研究现状

综述了茶树在抗寒、抗旱、抗病、抗虫育种等方面的研究进展,并就今后研究方向和重点提出了见解。