Evaluation of coastal sandy soils and their saline ground waters for afforestation: A case study from India

A study was conducted in coastal Andhra Pradesh to evaluate current practices and suitability of coastal sandy soils for raising tree plantations. Poor soil moisture retention characteristics of these soils make irrigation an essential, but costly silvicultural practice for obtaining desirable establishment and growth. Saline ground water is the only available source of irrigation. Its use seems safe and successful in such soils. The farmers have adopted a specialized manual splashing technique (Doruvu) of seepage pits for irrigating tree plantations in their establishment phase. This technique was observed to be well suited to the sandy soils. Casuarina equisetifolia and Eucalyptus tereticornis were the two most popular species being afforested. E. camaldulensis is also in an introduction phase. Comparison of growth performance and biomass accumulation by C. equisetifolia and E. tereticornis plantations at different growth stages showed the former to be significantly better than the latter. Build up of the soil organic carbon was also found to be markedly more in comparable C. equisetifolia plantations than those of E. tereticornis. Similarly, the blanketing influence of C. equisetifolia plantations was observed to modify soil temperature extremes considerably more than in the case of E. tereticornis. The findings, indicated a vast scope for utilization of coastal sandy soils for afforestation with the successful use of saline ground waters.     

木麻黄青枯菌的根表吸附及根内增殖与其致病性关系

对 3个不同致病的青枯菌菌株和 7个不同抗病性的木麻黄无性系苗的研究得出 ,各菌株对寄主根表吸附量具有显著差异 ,吸附量与致病性呈负相关 :各菌株在寄主根内的增殖量差别明显 ,增殖量与致病性呈正相关。病菌脂多糖 (LPS)对幼苗根的预处理 ,可使其供体菌的吸附量减少5 8.5 %　 97.3% ,但胞外多糖 (EPS)对供体菌的吸附量无明显影响。洗去EPS和LPS的菌体较完整菌体对根表的吸附量减少 6 3.3%　 74 .2 %。而仅洗去EPS的菌体对根表的吸附有所增加 ,最高达19.1%。各菌体SDS PAGE电泳图谱显示出一定差异 ,其中强毒菌株 6 0 1B具有Rf=0 .35的特异谱带。结果表明青枯菌对木麻黄的致病性与其在寄主根表的吸附情况和在根内的快速增殖具有密切关系。LPS在此病理系统中 ,起着细菌识别因子的作用 ,EPS对LPS进行掩盖 ,二者都是病菌致病性的重要因子     

木麻黄根瘤内生菌生物学特性研究

对与福建、广州的细枝木麻黄、短枝木麻黄和粗枝木麻黄共生的 1 7株根瘤内生菌进行了形态培养、生理类群、营养源利用、代谢酶、宿主特异性等生物学特性进行了系统研究。结果表明 ,1 7株木麻黄根瘤内生菌具有分枝状菌丝、孢囊、泡囊等Frankia菌的特征性结构 ,FCc64、FCc92、FCe3 3等菌株还具有串珠状菌丝段。木麻黄内生菌有A、B、AB等 3种生理类群 ,其中B群内生菌多。菌株离体培养具有固氮酶活性 ,且差异显著。多数木麻黄内生菌能良好利用吐温 ,只有少数菌株可利用葡萄糖等糖类物质。内生菌不同生理类群在碳氮源利用、有机酸羧化和代谢酶产生等方面没有明显的对应关系 ,表现出丰富的多样性。侵染试验表明木麻黄Frankia菌株不仅可在木麻黄属内种间进行交叉侵染 ,还能侵染杨梅、沙枣和桤木等植物结瘤。     

木麻黄优良无性系在山地引种栽培试验

通过福建中部山地引种木麻黄造林试验,5 a的研究结果表明:木麻黄无性系与实生苗造林保存率都较高,分别达到98.15%和96.8%,差异不显著。试验还表明,采用木麻黄无性系造林,其树高、胸径、材积的生长明显优于木麻黄实生苗的生长速度。前者比后者三项主要指标的生长量增加25.0%、26.5%和94.2%,差异较为显著。采用木麻黄优良无性系造林,其林木干型通直、冠幅大、林相整齐;应用实生苗造林,个体分化较大、生长参差不齐。     

木麻黄苗期生长特性和生物产量的研究

通过木麻黄实生苗年生长节律的研究，划分了苗木的生长时期，确定了影响苗木高、径生长的主导因子。同时探讨了木麻黄１年生苗的生物产量积累和分配特点，查明了密度对苗木生物产量的影响，提出了木麻黄适宜的育苗密度和苗木生物量估测模型。     

木麻黄水培生根能力及遗传变异研究

通过木麻黄不同树种、激素类型、浓度、浸泡时间对木麻黄水培生根影响的试验,认为树种是影响木麻黄水培生根最主要的因素,在参试的因素水平中,以山神木麻黄小枝在60×10-6的奈乙酸溶液中浸泡18h后水培为最佳水平组合。从种源、无性系方面探讨短枝木麻黄水培生根能力的遗传变异规律。结果表明:生根率在种源、无性系水平上均存在极显著差异,而且受强度遗传控制,具有选择改良的潜力。粤1、东山2号、东山1号和东山3号是生根能力较强的无性系。     

海岸带沙荒风口木麻黄无性系造林效果的综合评价

以木麻黄无性系的防护效能和速生丰产性能为基础,运用多目标决策方法,对沿海沙荒风口6种木麻黄无性系造林效果进行综合评价,结果表明:在沙荒风口造林的6种木麻黄无性系中,粤501最抗风,其防护效能最高,平18次之;平18最速生丰产,粤501其次;莆20在6种无性系中无论抗风性还是速生丰产性能均最低。综合评价指标以平18最高,粤501次之,莆20最小。平18和粤501是沿海沙荒风口造林理想的木麻黄无性系。     

木麻黄引种初报

经过5a的引种试验,木麻黄不仅能生长,而且能开花,年高生长46～170cm,胸径年生长量1.8～12.0mm,地径年平均生长量5.1～20.5mm。与乡土树种马尾松相比,木麻黄的平均高、胸径生长量是马尾松的2倍,开花株率23%。     

木麻黄地理种源的苗期试验

试验结果表明，木麻黄原苗木生长与根幅、侧根数量、根瘤重量呈正相关，其中以后两者对苗木生长影响较大，种源间的苗高、地径生长差异经方差分析达显著水平，苗期以细枝木麻黄生长较好，木麻黄生长较差，抗青枯病以粗枝木麻黄最强，木麻黄最差。具有速生抗病性能的种源：广泛地区有E2、E3、E9、E15、E19、E30、E35、E48等种源；广东省湛江地区有E7、E11、E21、E29、E47、E48、等种源；海南省有E2、E3、E5、E7、E10、E29等种源，其中以E2、E3、E9、E29和48种源的适应性较广泛。     

Survival,growth, wood basic density and wood biomass of seven-year-old Casuarina species/provenances grown at Kongowe,Kibaha, Tanzania

A performance comparison of seven-year-old individuals of 13 Casuarina species/provenances in terms of survival, growth (diameter, height and volume), wood basic density and wood biomass was undertaken at Kongowe, Kibaha, Tanzania. The trial was laid out using a randomised complete block design with four replications. The results showed significant differences (P < 0.0001) in all parameters. Casuarina equisetifolia from Montazah National Park, Egypt, had the lowest untransformed survival (48.8%), whereas C. equisetifolia from Wagait Tower (North Timor), Indonesia, had the highest survival (87.5%). Casuarina equisetifolia from Montazah National Park, Egypt, had the lowest mean diameter (8.6 cm) while the C. junghuhniana provenance from Timor, Indonesia (seedlot no. 19489) had the highest diameter (14.8 cm). Casuarina equisetifolia from Montazah National Park, Egypt, had the lowest mean height (16.2 m), volume (22.1 m³ ha^?1) and biomass production (23.5 t ha^?1), whereas C. equisetifolia from Hadsamira Songkhla, Thailand, had the highest mean height (24.3 m), volume (66.4 m³ ha^?1) and biomass production (72.9 t ha^?1). In terms of wood basic density, the C. junghuhniana provenance from Timor, Indonesia (seedlot no. 19489) had the lowest (617 kg m^?3), whereas C. equisetifolia from Wagait Tower (North Timor), Indonesia, had the highest (731 kg m^?3). Ordinal ranking for the best-performing species/provenances revealed that the best two provenances were C. equisetifolia from Hadsamira Sonkhla, Thailand, and C. junghuhniana from Timor, Indonesia (seedlot no. 19491). The two poorest-performing provenances were C. equisetifolia from Montazah National Park, Egypt, and C. equisetifolia from Cotonou, Benin. The outstanding species/provenances are recommended for pilot planting at Kibaha and similar sites.