Effect of pre‐storage seed treatments on adult mortality,oviposition and development of Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Bruchidae: Coleoptera), and the viability of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) in India

Abstract

The adult mortality of Callosobruchus chinensis L. was 100% within 24 h after artificially infesting seeds pretreated with inert clay and stored for 12 months under ambient conditions. Pre‐treatment with thiram and delsan‐30 (TCMTB) were also effective in controlling the adults by impairing oviposition. The seeds maintained over 80% germination up to 12 months of storage under all the treatments.     

不同药剂处理对绿豆产量性状及绿豆象防治效果的影响

以绿豆为研究对象,分析了不同药剂处理对绿豆产量性状及绿豆象防治效果的影响。结果表明:1)辛硫膦乳油种子处理+喷雾、敌敌畏乳剂种子处理+喷雾、马拉硫磷乳油种子处理+喷雾3种混合药剂处理下的绿豆产量均较高;2)这3种混合药剂处理对田间绿豆象的平均防治效果均达到60%上,此为绿豆象的田间防治技术创出了一条新途径。     

Variation in the sensitivity of Callosobruchus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) acetylcholinesterase to the organophosphate insecticide malaoxon: effect of species, geographical strain and food type

BACKGROUND: Bruchid beetles, Callosobruchus species, are serious pests of economically important grain legumes; their activity in stores is often controlled by the use of synthetic insecticides. Esterases are known to be involved in insecticide resistance in insects. However, there is a dearth of information on esterase activity in the genus Callosobruchus. In this study, the effect of species, geographical strain and food type on the variation in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and its inhibition by malaoxon (malathion metabolite) was investigated using an in vitro spectrophotometric method. RESULT: AChE activity varied significantly among species and strains and also among legume type used for rearing them. Generally, irrespective of species, strain or food type, the higher the AChE activity of a population, the higher is its inhibition by malaoxon. C. chinensis had the highest AChE activity of the species studied, and in the presence of malaoxon it had the lowest remaining AChE activity, while C. rhodesianus retained the highest activity. CONCLUSION: A first‐hand knowledge of AChE activity in regional Callosobruchus in line with the prevailing food types should be of utmost importance to grain legume breeders, researchers on plant materials for bruchid control and pesticide manufacturer/applicators for a robust integrated management of these bruchids. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

RseB影响溶藻弧菌感染花鲈的能力

为了研究Rse基因缺失对溶藻弧菌感染花鲈能力的影响，评估了花鲈感染后的LD50、定殖能力和免疫响应，结果显示，溶藻弧菌野生株LD50为2.013×105CFU/ml，RseB缺失溶藻弧菌LD50为5.526×105CFU/ml，RseB缺失溶藻弧菌毒力下降2.75倍；溶藻弧菌主要在花鲈的鳃部、肠道、皮肤定殖，RseB缺失溶藻弧菌定殖肠空泡化程度更低，鳃组织结构的损坏程度更低；分别对野生株与RseB缺失溶藻弧菌感染的花鲈头肾组织进行转录组测序，发现与免疫相关的差异表达基因一共有236个，其中包括了122个显著上调的免疫基因和114个显著下调的免疫基因，这些基因大部分显著富集在Th1和Th2细胞分化、B细胞受体信号通路、T细胞受体信号通路等特异性免疫通路上，部分基因显著富集在与细胞凋亡相关的通路以及与炎症相关的NF-kappa B信号通路中。综上结果表明RseB缺失溶藻弧菌能引起宿主细胞的免疫反应且毒力有所降低。     

3种蛀食性储粮甲虫的磷化氢阈限浓度及浓度与时间关系

研究了谷蠹Ｒｈｙｚｏｐｅｒｔｈａ ｄｏｍｉｎｉｃａ Ｆａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ、玉米象Ｓｉｔｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ ｚｅｏｍａｉｓ Ｍｏｔｓｃｈｕｌｓｋｙ、绿豆象Ｃａｌｌｏｓｏｂｒｕｃｈｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｌｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ成虫的磷化氢阈限浓度及浓度与时间的关系。结果表明,（１）不同虫种或同一虫种不同品系的磷化氢阈限浓度不尽相同,对应的ＬＤ５０和ＬＤ９９值均不同,谷蠹河郑州品系成虫的磷化氢阈限浓度为０．０５８     

Studies on glutathione transferase of cowpea storage bruchid, Callosobrochus maculatus F

Insect glutathione transferases have been implicated in insecticides and herbicides metabolism. In this study, glutathione transferase was purified to apparent homogeneity from cowpea storage bruchid (Callosobruchusmaculatus) by anion exchange chromatography of DEAE-Sephacel and affinity chromatography of glutathione-Sepharose 4B. The purified enzyme is slightly acidic, pI 5.5, with a molecular weight of 48.5 ± 4 kDa and is composed of subunit molecular weight of 25 kDa. It exhibited an optimum pH and temperature of 8.0 and 40 °C, respectively. Kinetic data gathered from substrate specificity using 1-chloro-2,4-dintrobenzene,7-chloro-4-nitrobenzene-2-oxa-1,3-diazole, p-nitrophenyl acetate, ethacrynic acid, 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene and paranitrophenychloride and inhibition studies (cibacron blue, bromosulphophthalein, hematin, oxidized glutathione and S-hexylglutathione) of the enzyme showed that is of sigma class. The GST poorly conjugates 4-hyroxylnonenal, a product of lipid peroxidation, and cumene hydroperoxide and may not be involved in oxidative stress protection. Steady state kinetics and product inhibition studies were consistent with a random sequential detoxification mechanism. The interaction between the GST and the insecticides, Fenvalerate and Cypermethrin, was investigated by inhibition studies, circular dichroism and competitive inhibition spectroscopy. It demonstrated that enzyme was inhibited at a concentration that induced some minor changes in the secondary and tertiary structures of the enzyme consequently decrease the detoxification ability and enzyme stability but might not unfold it.     

武昌南湖花食性的研究

根据116尾样本观察统计,武昌南湖花的食物组成中,是经摇蚊幼虫等淡水无脊椎功物为主要食物的温和肉食性鱼类。全年摄食并以春季稍强。     

饥饿对于花[鱼骨]肌肉和血清主要生化指标的影响

于20.50±2.15℃的条件下,在室内1 m3的水泥池中进行了为期42 d的饥饿实验,分别在实验开始后的1、7、14、28、42 d取样,以观察饥饿对花背部肌肉和血清主要生化指标的影响。结果表明:花对饥饿忍受能力较强,在实验期间无死亡现象;在饥饿初期花首先快速利用肌肉脂肪作为能量供给,后期则主要以肌肉蛋白作为能量来源,肌肉的水分含量不断升高,灰分含量则以不规则的锯齿状变化;花血清中的血糖对饥饿特别敏感,在14 d内显著下降(P<0.05),之后,保持在动态的恒定水平,而总蛋白质、甘油三脂、总胆固醇、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶则在饥饿实验中以波浪状变化并呈下降趋势。     

绿豆象的辐照致死效应研究

研究了60Co射线源对绿豆象(Callosobruchus chinensis L.)的致死效果,以探索其用于防治绿豆象的可行性。通过60Co射线对绿豆象卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫进行辐照,辐照剂量为0、20、40、80、160、320 Gy。结果表明,60Co射线辐照对绿豆象卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的LD50分别为19.16、21.19、31.86、73.27 Gy,表明绿豆象成虫对60Co射线辐照的耐受能力最强。高剂量辐照后绿豆生命力和发芽率都有所降低,但是差异不显著。320 Gy能有效抑制卵的孵化(孵化率0)、蛹的羽化(羽化率7.33%)、造成幼虫(死亡率100%)和成虫的死亡(死亡率90.67%)。建议采用320 Gy的60Co射线辐照作为有效防治绿豆象的参考剂量。     

丁香酚对花鲈幼鱼的麻醉效果

为研究丁香酚对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼的麻醉效果。采用静水方法在水温(27±1)℃下研究不同质量浓度丁香酚(20、25、30、40、50、60、80 mg/L和100 mg/L)对规格为(21.6±2.75)cm长和(110.3±30.67)g重的花鲈麻醉效果和呼吸频率的影响。25~100 mg/L质量浓度的丁香酚均能使花鲈进入深度麻醉期,且麻醉浓度与平均入麻时间呈负相关,与平均复苏时间成正相关;丁香酚质量浓度为50 mg/L时,麻醉效果较好。低浓度丁香酚20 mg/L对花鲈呼吸频率影响不明显。在质量浓度达到40~100 mg/L时,鱼体由麻醉期(A3)进入深度麻醉期(A4),呼吸频率迅速降低。以50 mg/L丁香酚将花鲈麻醉后再在空气中进行暴露,暴露时间与复苏时间呈正相关。暴露时间在2~30 min范围内的复苏率为100%。当时间增加至35、40和45 min时,复苏率降低至66%,33%和0。且暴露时间大于20 min花鲈只能进入恢复期3期(R3)。因此,50 mg/L的丁香酚麻醉液是花鲈幼鱼的理想麻醉浓度。