Duration of the effects of anionic salts on the acid–base status in cows fed different anionic salts only once daily

Seeing the fact that farm managers in Germany feed anionic salts to transition cows once daily, this study set out to evaluate whether the effects on the acid–base status (ABS) and calcium excretion in urine would persist throughout the entire day beyond this feeding practice. Eleven non-lactating, non-pregnant, Holstein–Friesian-cows with a rumen fistula were administered 2Eq of calcium chloride (CaCl₂/five cows) or calcium sulfate (CaSO₄/six cows) once daily for a period of 1 week. At day 7, blood and urine samples were taken every 4 h starting at 06:00 a.m. before feeding the anionic salts, and then ending at the same time the next day. Feeding anionic salts to the cows induced metabolic acidosis in both of the groups. The changes tended to be greater in CaCl₂-cows. After 12 h, the acidosis lessened and the initial values were reached after 24 h. The CaCl₂-cows, however, still showed signs of compensated metabolic acidosis. The results of the present study showed that feeding anionic salts once daily confined the risk of an interrupted effect of the anionic salts on the acid–base status as well as calcium metabolism after 12 h.     

Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium hydroxide upon intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield of dairy cows

Three, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows with initial body weight of 385 ± 19 kg were randomly allocated to 3 treatments of rice straw (T1 = untreated rice straw; T2 = 5.5% urea-treated rice straw (5 g urea in 100 ml water to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw); T3 = 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw (2.0 g urea and 2.0 g Ca(OH)₂ in 100 ml to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each period lasted for 21 days in which feed, feces and rumen fluid were collected during the last 7 days for chemical analyses. The findings revealed significant improvements in dry matter intake and digestibility by using 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw. Ruminal pH and NH₃-N were found higher (P < 0.05) as compared with urea-treated rice straw fed group, while blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were in normal ranges. Volatile fatty acid concentrations especially those of acetic acid were decreased (P < 0.05) and those of propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05), thus acetic acid:propionic acid was subsequently lowered (P < 0.05) in cows fed with 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, respectively. Moreover, ruminal viable and cellulolytic bacterial counts were enhanced by urea and calcium hydroxide treatments. Milk protein and fat concentrations were additionally increased by respective treatments while 3.5% fat-corrected milk was highest; ranking from 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and urea-treated rice straw fed groups. Based on this study, implications could be made that using 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw for straw treatment could be an alternative treatment to 5.5% urea treatment with regards to its effectiveness and treatment cost for lactating dairy cows.     

钾钙镁营养对香蕉产量、品质及贮藏性的影响

香蕉是嗜K作物,养分需求最大的4种元素为KNCaMg,而K、Ca、Mg三者间存在交互作用。本文研究了不同K、Ca、Mg营养条件下香蕉产量、品质及其贮藏性的变化,结果表明:适量配施K、Ca、Mg肥能有效促进香蕉果实的生长发育,提高香蕉果实品质及产量;有效降低香蕉果皮多酚氧化酶活性、果皮丙二醛含量和果肉淀粉酶活性,减少贮藏过程中的重量损失,延缓香蕉果实的衰老进程,提高香蕉果实的耐贮藏性。在广东省高州市香蕉产区,为实现香蕉高产优质耐贮藏,适宜施肥量为K2O990kg·hm-2,Mg37.5kg·hm-2,Ca90.0kg·hm-2。     

采前钙处理对木洞杨梅果实采后品质和延缓衰老的影响

用不同浓度CaCl2溶液对木洞杨梅果实进行采前喷钙处理,研究其对果实品质和延缓衰老的影响,达到延长贮藏期的目的。结果表明：钙处理能有效维持果实的硬度,延缓可滴定酸、可溶性固形物、Vc含量的下降;钙处理能显著降低果实的腐烂率、损失率和呼吸强度;钙处理在一定程度上抑制了果实膜透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的增加,显著抑制超氧化物歧酶（SOD）活性的降低。从而延缓果实成熟衰老进程,较好的保持了果实品质。3种喷钙浓度处理中以 0.25% CaCl2 溶液效果最好     

花生施用牡蛎壳粉增钙技术应用研究

从花生产量、品质以及当地钙肥资源、成本、环保等方面综合考察认为,施用牡蛎壳粉以增钙是目前福建省莆田市花生生产的较佳选择。通过试验建立了花生牡蛎壳粉施用量效应函数和施用时期效应函数,寻优结果表明,播前基施216kg/hm2,果针入土前追施510 kg/hm2,果针入土后补施24 kg/hm2,共施用牡蛎壳粉750 kg/hm2,花生期望产量较高,达3913.1kg/hm2,施钙利润亦较佳,达31154.80元/hm2。     

乳腺分泌细胞钙转运机制

依据钙转运的模式,综述了乳腺分泌细胞钙转运机制,阐明了参与钙转运过程的关键分子,为今后的研究提供了新思路。     

舍饲绒山羊发生骨质疏松症的因素分析

针对甘肃庆阳市某舍饲绒山羊场羊只存在的膘情差、肋骨开张不良、四肢不端正、成年羊早期掉牙、青年羊牙齿发育迟缓和角尖破损严重等现象,对该场羊只的日粮组成和管理方法进行详细调查,并随机采取20只5～6岁母羊血样,测定了血清中的钙、磷、三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)水平以及碱性磷酸酶活性(ALP).结果表明:该场绒山羊(Ⅰ组)饲料单一、品质差、霉变现象较严重,日粮钙磷比例严重失调,而且饲养管理方法较落后.羊只血清磷水平为1.79 mmol/L,而来自另一羊场的健康羊(Ⅱ组)血清磷水平为1.95 mmol/L,二者差异显著(P<0.05).Ⅰ组羊血清ALP活性达到(457.75±606.86) U/L , 是Ⅱ组(95.80±60.09) U/L的4.78倍,其差异极显著(P<0.01).虽然两组血清T3水平差异不显著,但Ⅰ组血清T4水平明显高于Ⅱ组,分别为8.72±1.61和(8.08±1.31)μg/dL,(P<0.05).由此可见,该场羊只患有严重的骨质疏松症,日粮钙磷比例失调是导致骨质受损的主要因素.     

舍饲山羊营养盈缺分析

对33只不同品种及不同生理阶段的舍饲山羊测定日采食量,并参照美国NRC(1981)山羊营养需要标准进行营养盈缺分析,结果表明:山羊日粮代谢能为9.35～10.20 MJ/kg时,山羊干物质采食量占体重百分比为2.3 %～3.7 %,接近或高于标准.山羊每日摄入的粗蛋白质、钙和磷数量明显超过标准;公羊、空怀母羊日摄入代谢能高于标准,而妊娠母羊、哺乳母羊和波杂育成羊日摄入代谢能水平接近NRC标准或缺乏.     

固体碱催化剂CaO-人造沸石催化制备生物柴油的研究

制备了CaO-人造沸石固体碱催化剂,并将其用于酯交换反应制备生物柴油。按L25（56）设计了正交试验,并确定了制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为：催化剂焙烧温度为500℃,催化剂用量为原料油质量的4%,醇油摩尔比为9∶1,反应时间3.5 h,反应温度70℃,生物柴油产率可达98%;并运用了FT-IR、TG-DSC、XRD等手段对催化剂进行了表征。     

植物细胞中钙离子作用的研究进展

综述植物细胞中钙离子的存在形式、钙通道的类型、钙信号的产生及其在调节植物应对环境刺激和抗病抗逆中的作用。