Effect of fertilization and harvest frequency on yield and quality of tall fescue and smooth bromegrass

Abstract

Fertilization and harvest frequency affect yield and quality of forages. The purposes of this experiment were to determine (i) the effects of fertilization and frequent harvesting on yield and quality of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and (ii) the efficiency of N in animal waste as compared with inorganic N fertilizer for forage production of these cool season grasses. ‘Fawn’ tall fescue and ‘Southland’ smooth bromegrass were grown in the greenhouse on Pullman clay loam topsoil (fine, mixed thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) under eleven fertilizer treatments and two harvest regimes. Nitrogen fertilizer increased yields, N and K concentrations and K/(Ca + Mg) ratios and decreased P, Ca, and Mg concentrations. Phosphorus and K fertilizers did not affect yields but applied P increased P and tended to decrease N and Ca concentrations. Applied K tended to increase Ca concentrations. Recovery of N from feedlot manure ranged from 0.8 to 14%, whereas, recovery from NH₄NO₃ averaged 64%. Harvesting at 3‐week rather than at 6‐week intervals reduced yields 25%; however, N and P removal were higher under the 3‐week harvest regime. Even though forage production was reduced under heavy utilization, the grasses required more N fertilizer under heavy than under lighter utilization. The two grasses produced similar yields under the 3‐week cutting regime and at N rates through 340 kg/ha under the 6‐week cutting regime. Tall fescue yields were higher with the higher N rates under the 6‐week cutting regime. Smooth bromegrass forage was higher than tall fescue forage in N, K, and Ca, whereas tall fescue forage was higher in P and Mg.     

青海云杉ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

1材料与方法1．1材料供试材料为祁连山区青海云杉天然分布区内的优良单株,基本能反映出祁连山青海云杉分布区的特点。1．2试剂所用TaqDNA聚合酶、dNTPs等均购于兰州佰澳生物公司;ISSR选择引物来自University of British Columbia Biotechnology Lab（UBCBL）primer set UBC9,由北京赛百盛公司合成。     

Elevation difference of Ca2+ levels in young leaf cells of bromegrass and induced cold-tolerant enhancement under different controlled chilling temperatures

The changes of Ca2+ levels in young leaf cells of bromegrass under different controlled chilling temperatures were inves-tigated by an antimonite precipitation eytochemical method. The main results were as follows: under 25/20℃ (day/night) tempera-ture and 14 h photoperiod, electron-dense Ca2+ antimonite precipitates, indicators of Ca2+ localization, were mainly localized in the vacuoles, cell walls and intercellular spaces; few Ca2+ deposits were observed in the cytosol and nuclei. After a 3℃ chilling treatment for 3 h, many Ca2+ precipitates appeared in the cytosol and nuclei, indicating that Ca2+ influx had occurred in the cytosol and nuclei.When the 3℃ treatment was prolonged to 8 h, more Ca2+ deposits appeared in the nuclei and cytosol, but the amount of Ca2+ depos-its in both the cytosol and nuclei decreased markedly after a 24 h treatment and most Ca2+ deposits were returned to the vacuoles and intercellular spaces after an 8 d treatment. When bromegrass was exposed to 7℃ for 3 h, the Ca2+ distribution in the cells had no visible changes, compared with that of the 25/20℃ grown control plants. However, when the chilling treatment of 7℃ was pro-longed to 8 h, a Ca2+ influx occurred, where many Ca2+ deposits were observed in the nuclei and cytosol. More Ca2+ deposits ap-peared in the nuclei and cytosol after a 24 h treatment, but the amount of Ca2+ deposits in the cytosol and nuclei was reduced mark-edly after an 8 d treatment. After a 14 d treatment, the remaining low level of Ca2+ was recovered in both the cytosol and nuclei andthe Ca2+ deposits were again located in the vacuoles and the intercellular spaces. The dynamics of subcellular Ca2+ localization in young leaf cells of bromegrass during a 12℃ chilling treatment were similar to those of the 7℃ treatment. Besides, the results showed that the frost tolerance of bromegrass exposed to 3℃ for 8 d increased by 6℃, for 7℃ and 8 d by 4℃ and for 12℃ and 14 d by 3℃, compared with the controls. Finally, the relationship between different Ca2+ dynamics and induced frost tolerance was also explored.     

Elevation difference of Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript> levels in young leaf cells of bromegrass and induced cold-tolerant enhancement under different controlled chilling temperatures

The changes of Ca2＋ levels in young leaf cells of bromegrass under different controlled chilling temperatures were inves- tigated by an antimonite precipitation cytochemical method. The main results were as follows： under 25/20℃ （day/night） tempera- ture and 14 h photoperiod, electron-dense Ca2＋ antimonite precipitates, indicators of Ca2＋ localization, were mainly localized in the vacuoles, cell walls and intercellular spaces; few Ca2＋ deposits were observed in the cytosol and nuclei. After a 3℃ chilling treatment for 3 h, many Ca2＋ precipitates appeared in the cytosol and nuclei, indicating that Ca2＋ influx had occurred in the cytosol and nuclei. When the 3℃ treatment was prolonged to 8 h, more Ca2＋ deposits appeared in the nuclei and cytosol, but the amount of Ca2＋ deposits in both the cytosol and nuclei decreased markedly after a 24 h treatment and most Ca2＋ deposits were returned to the vacuoles and intercellular spaces after an 8 d treatment. When bromegrass was exposed to 7℃ for 3 h, the Ca2＋ distribution in the cells had no visible changes, compared with that of the 25/20℃ grown control plants. However, when the chilling treatment of 7℃ was prolonged to 8 h, a Ca2＋ influx occurred, where many Ca2＋ deposits were observed in the nuclei and cytosol. More Ca2＋ deposits appeared in the nuclei and cytosol after a 24 h treatment, but the amount of Ca2＋ deposits in the cytosol and nuclei was reduced markedly after an 8 d treatment. After a 14 d treatment, the remaining low level of Ca2＋ was recovered in both the cytosol and nuclei and the Ca2＋ deposits were again located in the vacuoles and the intercellular spaces. The dynamics of subcellular Ca2＋ localization in young leaf cells of bromegrass during a 12℃ chilling treatment were similar to those of the 7℃ treatment. Besides, the results showed that the frost tolerance ofbromegrass exposed to 3℃ for 8 d increased by 6℃, for 7℃ and 8 d by 4℃ and for 12℃ and 14 d by 3℃, compared with the controls.     

39份无芒雀麦种质材料苗期抗旱性综合评价

在温室条件下,采用反复干旱法,通过对国外引进的39份无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)种质材料苗期的存活率、株高、绿叶数、地上生物量、地下生物量、根冠比等指标的测定,进行苗期抗旱性的综合评价。结果表明,39份材料按照抗旱性能强弱划分为3个级别,抗旱性强的有16个材料,抗旱性中等的有16个材料,抗旱性弱的有7个材料,并用标准差系数赋予权重法求得综合评价D值,将各材料抗旱性能进行排序,其中ZXY05P-0854苗期抗旱性最强,ZXY05P-1135最弱。     

高寒山区扁穗雀麦单株性状与种子产量的通径分析初报

通过对高寒山区自然演替的逸生种扁穗雀麦(Bromus cartharticus)单株性状与种子产量的相关通径分析发现,多元决定系数∑d=0.957 6,表明影响种子产量的主要性状均包括在内,结实率、花序种子数和千粒重是影响种子产量的主要性状。分析得出种子产量最优多元回归方程为:y=-453.07+0.958 7x7(花序种子数)+0.342 7x8(千粒重)+0.510 5x9(结实率)。在生产实践中,提高结实率、花序种子数和千粒重是提高扁穗雀麦种子产量的有效途径。     

无芒雀麦无性系组合评比试验

历经4年,对6个无芒雀麦无性系组合和对照奇台无芒雀麦进行了品种比较试验,结果表明,无性系104.1-2.4品系生长速度快,再生能力、耐寒性和耐盐性强,产草量高,饲用品质好,有较明显的植物学特征,达到了新品种的条件和育种目标。     

天山北坡野生无芒雀麦群落特征研究

目的 研究天山北坡野生无芒雀麦群落特征,分析该种质资源在新疆草地群落中的地位与作用。方法 以新疆天山北坡西段、中段和东段的5个地区为对象,采用野外取样的方法,分种测定5个地区3个海拔梯度下的无芒雀麦群落特征。结果 (1)无芒雀麦主要与禾本科、豆科植物混生,重要值在天山北坡中段、低海拔区域较大。(2)物种多样性从天山北坡西段至东段,呈现先增加后减少的趋势,地区内随海拔升高呈现增加趋势,但在地区间、地区内差异均不显著。(3)群落数量特征在地区间存在较小差异,无芒雀麦相对数量特征从西至东呈现先增加后减少的趋势,在中段地区最高。而地区内无芒雀麦相对群落数量特征不存在差异性。结论 不同地区群落中无芒雀麦地位相差不大,天山北坡中段地区的群落中无芒雀麦相对盖度、密度和地上生物量高于其他地区,物种多样性更加丰富。随海拔的升高,群落物种增加,无芒雀麦的重要地位逐渐降低,无芒雀麦在群落中相对数量特征变化不大。     

无芒雀麦农艺性状与产量形成关系的多重分析

通过遗传参数估算、相关分析、主成分分析、逐步回归分析和通径分析等多种方法,综合分析无芒雀麦农艺性状与产量形成的关系.结果 表明,无芒雀麦各性状变异丰富,变异系数介于7.75％～19.15％之间;茎节数、基部茎长、花序长、小穗数、旗叶宽、旗叶叶鞘长、倒二叶长、倒二叶宽和倒二叶叶鞘长遗传力达65％以上,遗传进度达15％以上...     

苜蓿、无芒雀麦混播与单播群落总糖及氮素含量动态

对二龄苜蓿与无芒雀麦混播与单播群落地上与地下部分总糖及氮素含量季节动态进行了测定,结果表明：苜蓿地上部分总糖含量呈双峰型,峰值分别出现在结实期和生长末期。无芒雀麦地上部总糖含量呈单峰型,果后营养期地上部总糖含量最高,生长末期地上部总糖含量下降。苜蓿根系总糖含量变化动态呈双峰型,而无芒雀麦呈三峰型。单播无芒雀麦、苜蓿地上部含N量随物候期的推移呈下降趋势;混播草地含N量在9月初降至最低后又上升。苜蓿和无芒雀麦根部含N量动态均呈双峰型,第一个峰值在春季,第二个峰值在秋初。混播增加了无芒雀麦地上和地下部分的N素含量。