灰霉病菌对多菌灵和乙霉威抗性研究

从１９９６年３～４月辽宁省主要蔬菜种植区采集的番茄、黄瓜灰霉病果上,分离得到２８２个灰葡萄孢霉（ＢｏｔｒｙｔｉｓｃｉｎｅｒｅａＰｅｒｓ．）菌株,测定了其对多菌灵和乙霉威的敏感性。结果表明,８７．２％的菌株为抗性菌株（ＢｅｎＲ）,１２．８％的菌株为敏感菌株（ＢｅｎＳ）。中抗（ＢｅｎＩＲ）和低抗（ＢｅｎＷＲ）菌株为优势菌株。抗性菌株与敏感菌株在生长速率、产孢能力及致病力等方面无明显差异。作为苯并咪唑杀菌剂负交互抗性药剂而开发的Ｎ－苯基氨基甲酸酯杀菌剂乙霉威,对ＢｅｎＨＲ菌株具有优良的抑制作用,但对ＢｅｎＷＲ,ＢｅｎＩＲ和ＢｅｎＳ菌株的抑制作用很小。由多菌灵和乙霉威复配而成的多菌灵可有效控制ＢｅｎＨＲ和ＢｅｎＳ菌株对黄瓜子叶的侵染,但不能控制ＢｅｎＷＲ和ＢｅｎＩＲ菌株的侵染。     

Non-abscised aborted sweet cherry fruits are vulnerable to fruit decaying fungi and may be sources of infection for healthy fruits

During three growing seasons (1999–2001), disease incidence of non-abscised aborted and normally developing (sound) sweet cherry fruits were investigated in a research orchard at Ullensvang, western Norway. To reveal possible fungal infections, aborted and sound fruits of two cultivars (cv. Van for three years and cv. Lapins for two years) were harvested over four to seven weeks in an experimental orchard during the green fruit phase and incubated at 20°C in moisture saturated air for 7 days. The most frequently observed fungal pathogens were Monilinia laxa, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Botrytis cinerea. The mean of all observations (±standard deviation) over three years, showed that aborted and sound fruits had a disease incidence of 51.9% (±31.8) and 5.2% (±9.7), respectively, after seven days incubation. In 24 of 25 trials aborted fruits had significantly higher disease incidence than sound fruits after incubation. In one season, when fruits were collected from two commercial orchards, aborted fruits had much higher disease incidence than sound fruits (a mean of 6.5 and 4.5 times higher incidence for the two orchards, respectively). Time of fruit abortion varied with the years (two years observation) and the two cultivars, but the major abortion took place between the fourth and eighth week after anthesis. A higher disease incidence and more rapid disease development in non-abscised aborted fruits indicate that they are more vulnerable to fungal colonisation than sound fruits and may thus be potential incoulum sources for neighbouring, healthy fruits.     

Local and systemic resistance to fungal pathogens triggered by an AVR9-mediated hypersensitive response in tomato and oilseed rape carrying the Cf-9 resistance gene

Tomato and transgenic oilseed rape plants expressing the Cf-9 resistance gene develop a hypersensitive response (HR) after injection of the corresponding Avr9 gene product. It was investigated whether induction of a HR conferred resistance to different fungal pathogens in tomato and oilseed rape. Induction of an AVR9 mediated HR at the pathogen infection site delayed the development of the biotrophs Oidium lycopersicum in tomato and Erysiphe polygoni in oilseed rape, but enhanced the development of the necrotrophs Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani in tomato and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in oilseed rape. Interestingly, delayed fungal disease development was observed in plant tissues surrounding the HR lesion regardless of whether a necrotrophic or biotrophic pathogen was used. In tomato, AVR9 injection induced systemic expression of PR1, PR2 and PR3 defence genes but did not induce systemic resistance to O. lycopersicum, B. cinerea or A. solani. In oilseed rape, AVR9 injection temporarily induced systemic resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans and E. polygoni, but did not induce detectable systemic expression of PR1, PR2 or Cxc750. These results give new insights into the potential uses of an induced HR to engineer disease resistance.     

灰葡萄孢霉角质酶粗提液酶学特性研究

为探究灰葡萄孢霉角质酶的酶学性质以及角质酶对植物角质层的降解作用,以灰葡萄孢霉为材料,采用角质诱导的方法得到角质酶发酵液,上清液经过分离得到角质酶粗提液,采用分光光度法探究温度、pH值、金属离子及有机溶剂对角质酶活力的影响,并通过扫描电镜探究角质酶粗提液对葡萄角质层的作用。结果表明,灰葡萄孢霉角质酶的最适反应温度为35℃,最适反应pH值为7.5,此条件下能够保持较高的热稳定性;Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺对酶活有促进作用,而Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺、Fe³⁺对酶活有抑制作用;甲醇、丙酮、异丙醇对酶活具有促进作用,乙醇、乙腈和三氯甲烷对酶活具有抑制作用;角质酶粗酶液对葡萄角质层具有明显的降解作用。本研究结果为果蔬采后病害的控制提供了理论依据。     

白腐菌产漆酶培养条件的响应面法优化

[目的]采用Plackett-Burman试验设计法、响应面法,对灰盖鬼伞菌(Coprinopsis cinerea)产漆酶进行了发酵工艺条件的优化研究。[方法]首先利用Plackett Burman设计试验筛选出影响产酶的麦麸、稻草粉和酵母粉3个主要因素。在此基础上,用最陡爬坡路径逼近最大响应区域,再利用Box-Behnken试验设计、响应面分析法进行回归分析。[结果]麦麸、稻草粉和酵母粉浓度与漆酶活力存在显著的相关性,得到最佳培养基条件。当麦麸10.188 g/L、稻草粉9.379 g/L、酵母粉3.613 g/L时,漆酶活力达到729.89 U/ml。[结论]经3批培养验证,预测值与验证试验平均值接近。     

木霉菌和灰霉菌相互作用关系的初步研究

对灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)和木霉菌BTW41(Trichoderma atroviride)之间相互关系作了初步研究。研究发现木霉菌具有较强的营养竞争能力,BTW41与灰霉菌的对峙菌落接触处,可见灰霉菌菌丝被木霉菌菌丝大量寄生,受到严重破坏,并且灰霉菌菌丝有消解现象。不同木霉菌株对番茄灰霉病的防效不同,BTW41的防效能够达到60.99%。施入叶片上的生防木霉菌孢子应达到一定浓度才会有效地定殖,进而起生防作用,灰霉菌对木霉菌在番茄叶片上定殖有影响。从以往所做的试验来看,木霉菌孢子浓度在108个孢子/mL以上时,对灰霉病的防效较好。     

桉苗灰霉病初步研究

按苗灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea Pers.ex Fr.)是近年在云南省新发现的病害,过去未曾报道。该病多发生在按苗幼嫩的茎上部和叶片上,可造成按苗迅速死亡。早春连绵阴雨,气温较低,致使该病易造成流行,该病的流行也与管理措施密切相关。采取平衡施肥,加强苗期管理是最有效的预防措施。发病期可施用75%百菌清可湿性粉剂1:500倍;或70%敌克松可湿性粉剂与等量的50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂混用,稀释1000倍常量喷雾,每7~10天一次,连续喷2~3次,可有效地控制按苗灰霉病蔓延流行。     

Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Verbena officinalis</Emphasis> L. Leaves

The scavenging activity against DPPH (1,1-diphenil-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical and the antifungal effect against chloroform, ethyl acetate and 50% methanolic extracts of Verbena officinalis leaves were investigated. The activity of different fractions of 50% methanolic extract and some isolated compounds were also investigated. The results suggest that 50% methanolic extract and caffeoyl derivatives could potentially be considered as excellent and readily available sources of natural antifungal and antioxidant compounds.     

设施番茄灰霉病菌孢子扩散动态与田间病情相关性

以捕捉孢子的方法观察设施番茄灰霉病菌分生孢子扩散的时间和空间动态,结果表明番茄灰霉病菌分生孢子在温棚内扩散是随机的,不同高度孢子捕捉量没有明显差异.番茄灰霉菌分生孢子扩散主要集中在白天,从8：00到20：00,孢子捕捉量占全天总量的88.4 % ,而8：00以前和20：00以后孢子捕捉量较小,仅占全天总量的11.6% ,每日10：00 后捕孢量开始迅速增加,而16：00 后明显下降以10：00～16：00 的捕孢量最多最稳定,1d中最大捕孢量出现在12：00～14：00 时.分生孢子捕捉量与对应田间病情指数呈显著正相关（R=0.8850,P〈0.01）,因此通过捕捉分生孢子,并监测其扩散动态,预测番茄灰霉病的发生期及防治适期具备可行性.     

塑料大棚欧亚种葡萄对白粉病和灰霉病的抗性研究

通过田间自然鉴定方法，研究了塑料大棚内7个欧亚种葡萄品种对白粉病和灰霉病的抗性。结果表明，不同品种对两病的抗性表现不同。所研究的7个品种，除9307外，其余品种对灰霉病皆表现为抗病；而对于白粉病，早紫、凤凰51号、研选5号为低感品种，维多利亚为中感品种，粉红亚都蜜、新华1号、9307为高感品种。