Evaluation of anilinopyrimidine and other fungicides for control of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) in container-grown Calluna vulgaris

BACKGROUND:Grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.) is a damaging disease affecting container-grown Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. Trials were conducted to test anilinopyrimidine fungicides (pyrimethanil, cyprodinil and mepanipyrim), azoxystrobin and tolylfluanid for crop safety on cultivars, and to evaluate spray programmes based on alternating these fungicides with different modes of action for disease control. Timing and application at different spray intervals were also investigated. RESULTS:Cyprodinil was slightly phytotoxic on only one of the seven cvs tested. Alternating nine-spray programmes of azoxystrobin with an anilinopyrimidine or tolylfluanid, or an anilinopyrimidine with tolylfluanid, with the first spray applied immediately after potting, were equally effective in reducing disease incidence and severity compared with untreated plants. Spray programmes of five or eight sprays, using an anilinopyrimidine and at least one other fungicide with a different mode of action, applied alternately or in blocks of two sprays of the same fungicide and immediately after potting, were equally effective in reducing disease. Omission of early fungicide sprays until 9 weeks after potting and subsequent alternate application of pyrimethanil and tolylfluanid with a different mode of action at 6 week intervals gave reduced disease control. CONCLUSION:There is potential to use spray programmes based on alternating anilinopyrimidines with fungicides with a different mode of action to provide effective control of B. cinerea on C. vulgaris.     

来源于植物的短肽LD-1对番茄灰霉病的抑制作用及其抗病性研究

短肽LD-1是从牛心朴子草根中新分离的具有抗菌活性的多肽。本文以番茄灰霉病为供试菌株,研究了短肽LD-1对番茄灰霉病的抑制作用及其抗病性。结果表明:短肽LD-1对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发具有较好的抑制作用。离体试验中,短肽LD-1对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长抑制作用的EC50在24、48、72h分别为28.3051、30.2134、32.7427mg/L,对孢子萌发的EC50为16.6919mg/L;活体试验中,短肽LD-1对番茄灰霉病具有较好的防治效果,90mg/L短肽LD-1对番茄灰霉病防治效果达到74.24%。短肽LD-1能导致病菌芽管发育畸形,不能正常发育。短肽LD-1对番茄种子的萌发和根系生长具有明显的促进效果,并且经短肽LD-1处理后的番茄须根发达,须根数目明显增多,促进了番茄的生长发育,提高了抗病性。     

Screening of conidium development mutant of Botrytis cinerea and functional analysis of the related gene

A novel conidium development mutant was obtained by screening the transformants of Botrytis cinerea produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated method, which lost the ability of producing conidia. The flanking sequence of T-DNA insertion site was acquired by TAIL-PCR technology, and then, the T-DNA insertion in the second exon of BC1G_02800.1 confirmed by BLAST between the flanking sequence and the known sequence in the B. cinerea gene database. The mutant gene was identified as BC1G_02799.1 located in the upstream of BC1G_02800.1 gene by RTPCR. The DNA full-length sequence of BC1G_02799.1 was 1951 bp and contained 1848 bp coding region, which encoded a 615 amino acids putative protein similar to ABC-transporter, and the function of BC1G_02799.1 gene was unknown to date. Phenotype analysis of the mutant found that the mutant strain colony was white, grew slowly, and did not produce conidium and sclerotia on PDA medium but showed a stronger pathogenicity to tomato leaves and successfully increased the enzyme activity related to pathogenicity compared to the wild type strain. The results suggested that the BC1G_02799.1 gene was involved in the conidium development, the sclerotia formation, and pathogenicity in B. cinerea. Our research will facilitate in understanding the molecular mechanism of conidium development, sclerotia formation, and pathogenic in B. cinerea.     

Multiple-disease resistance in Vicia faba: Multi-environment field testing for identification of combined resistance to rust and chocolate spot

The aim of this work was to identify Vicia faba germplasm resistant both to rust and chocolate spot. A collection of 43 accessions of V. faba previously identified as chocolate-spot resistant was evaluated for rust and chocolate spot resistance in Egypt and in Spain. The genotype and genotype × environment (GGE) biplot analyses allowed the selection of 11 accessions resistant to both diseases in those locations. These 11 accessions were evaluated for rust in an additional field trial in Spain, all performing better than the susceptible check. The joint analysis of the 11 accessions in the four field trials where they had been evaluated revealed no significant effects either for genotype, environment or the genotype × environment interaction. They are hence promising sources of resistance, both for their low severities and their stable responses across the studied environments. This collection was also tested under controlled conditions against the Egyptian and the Spanish isolates of rust present in the field trials further underlining the stable performance of these genotypes. Finally, the effect of previous infection with chocolate spot on rust resistance was assessed under controlled conditions and no influence of it was found.     

灰葡萄孢产孢相关基因BC1G_03293功能的初步研究

据灰葡萄孢菌丝发育和菌核形成时期的RNA-seq数据,挑选出在这2个时期表达量差异较大的基因BC1G__03293进行基因功能的研究。结果发现,BC1G__03293在菌核发育时期表达明显上调,表达量比菌丝生长时期上调了70倍以上。该基因编码的蛋白质含有229个氨基酸,N端包含信号肽,但不含有任何已知保守结构域。通过同源重组的方法得到了BC1G__03293的敲除转化子ΔBC1G__03293-2和ΔBC1G__03293-4,并运用农杆菌转化技术得到了互补转化子ΔBC1G__03293-2-C2和ΔBC1G__03293-2-C3。BC1G__03293基因敲除后生长、致病及菌核形成等表型无明显变化,但敲除转化子的分生孢子产量显著下降,仅为野生型菌株B05.10分生孢子产量的45%,并且BC1G__03293基因互补可使敲除转化子的产孢量得到明显恢复。结果说明BC1G__03293基因与灰葡萄孢的分生孢子形成相关。     

Determinants of fenhexamid effectiveness against grey mould on grapevine: Respective role of spray timing,fungicide resistance and plant defences

Botrytis bunch rot of grapes is mainly controlled by applying fungicides at three crop growth stages: the end of flowering (BBCH 68), bunch closure (BBCH 77) and the beginning of veraison (BBCH 81). The hydroxyanilide derivative fenhexamid is among the most effective fungicides registered to control Botrytis cinerea. Its effectiveness was examined in relation to spray timing, fungicide resistance and defense responses of grapevine. Overall, the earlier fenhexamid was applied, the more effective it was at controlling B. cinerea. Frequencies of B. cinerea strains which were resistant to fungicides were evaluated at harvest. The frequencies of resistant phenotypes were similar among treatments and years with the exception of a class of multidrug resistant strain (MDR 2) whose frequency appeared to increase after fenhexamid applications. If current spray programs including fenhexamid appear to control bunch rot at the current MDR frequency, a propagation of MDR 2 strains might lead to a decline in disease control. Finally, defense responses were studied in grapevine flowers/berries following fenhexamid application. None of the defense processes tested was induced in flowers/berries at stages 68 and 77. Only an increase in chitinase activity was observed in treated-berries at stage 81, suggesting that fenhexamid effectiveness was not related to a stimulation of defense responses.     

石河子地区鲜食葡萄烂果病病原鉴定

[目的]明确石河子地区鲜食葡萄果实烂果病的主要病原.[方法]通过田间调查及对具有典型烂果症状的病样进行分离纯化和培养,对病原进行常规形态学和分子生物学鉴定.[结果]通过鉴定查明引起石河子地区葡萄烂果的病原菌主要有三种:灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea .Pers),黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)和黑根霉(Rhizopus nigricans).[结论]石河子葡萄烂果的主要病原有3种,其诱因主要与8月上旬久旱遇雨和膨大剂用量较多有关.     

Effects of carbendazim on conidial germination and mitosis in germlings of Fusarium graminearum and Botrytis cinerea

The effects of carbendazim on carbendazim-sensitive (wild-type) and -resistant strains of Fusarium graminearum and Botrytis cinerea were compared. When treated with carbendazim, conidia and germlings of wild-type F. graminearum and B. cinerea germinated and grew to produce stunted, distorted, and abnormally branched germlings; in addition, distinct nuclei were replaced by irregularly distributed chromosome masses, and normal nuclear division was not observed. The CMI (chromosome mitosis index) values of wild-type strains rapidly increased within 60 min of treatment with carbendazim and then rapidly declined. Whereas the wild-type strains of the two fungi responded similarly, the carbendazim-resistant strains of F. graminearum and B. cinerea responded differently to carbendazim. The resistant strain of F. graminearum showed normal mitosis but produced significantly more branches and higher CMI values when treated with carbendazim than when untreated. In contrast, the carbendazim-resistant strain of B. cinerea exhibited normal morphology and mitosis after carbendazim treatment. The results suggest that the mechanism for carbendazim resistance in F. graminearum differs from that in B. cinerea and other fungi.     

番茄灰霉病菌拮抗菌D6和D10发酵条件的优化及其抑菌效果

【目的】优化番茄灰霉病菌拮抗菌的发酵条件,初步探究其抑菌效果,为番茄灰霉病菌的生物防治提供潜在的资源菌。【方法】以前期从大蒜鳞茎中筛选出的拮抗菌D6和D10为研究试材,以接种量、温度、摇床转速和装液量为考察因素,设计四因素三水平正交试验,对D6和D10的发酵条件进行优化,并研究优化条件下D6和D10的无菌滤液对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。【结果】D6和D10的最佳摇床培养条件分别为,D6:接种量4%,温度22℃,转速180r/min,装液量50mL;D10:接种量4%,温度26℃,转速150r/min,装液量75mL。当D6的无菌滤液质量分数达到15%时,其抑制率最高达到85.33%;当D10的无菌滤液质量分数达到10%时,其抑制率最高达到70.67%。在121℃时,D6无菌滤液的热稳定性较好,而D10的无菌滤液却失去了生物活性。【结论】在优化条件下培养的D6和D10无菌滤液对番茄灰霉病菌有一定的抑制作用,D6的无菌滤液热稳定性较好。     

赤霉素、水杨酸、柠檬酸和蔗糖对灰毛黄栌叶色变化的影响

 2011 年秋,选取长势一致的4 年生灰毛黄栌（Cotinus coggygria var. cinerea Engl.）组培苗, 喷施不同浓度的赤霉素（GA3）、水杨酸、柠檬酸和蔗糖水溶液,研究其对叶色的影响。结果表明,使用 浓度为0.01 mmol · L-1 的赤霉素处理可以推迟灰毛黄栌的落叶期,从而使叶片观赏期平均延后5 d;用浓 度为0.5 mmol · L-1 的水杨酸处理,会使叶片观赏期平均推迟7 d,而浓度为1.0 mmol · L-1 的水杨酸处理, 叶片的观赏期平均提前了3 d;喷施4.8 mmol · L-1 的柠檬酸和200.0 mmol · L-1 的蔗糖溶液,都能显著提高 灰毛黄栌叶片中花青素的相对含量,使叶片更红,并且使叶片的观赏期分别提前了6 d 和9 d。