68.75%噁酮.锰锌水分散粒剂对柑橘黑点病的防治效果

柑橘黑点病(Diaporthe citri)是危害柑橘最严重的病害之一,每年需要喷施4-5次杀菌剂进行防治,为明确68.75%噁酮.锰锌WG对柑橘果实黑点病的防治效果,分别在浙江黄岩和常山进行了田间试验。结果发现黄岩试验点68.75%噁酮.锰锌WG 500倍全程5次对黑点病的防治效果为84.79%、常山试验点同样药剂800倍全程4次对黑点病的防治效果为74.10%,效果不亚于常规推荐的杀菌剂代森锰锌,说明68.75%噁酮.锰锌WG 500-800倍在柑橘花谢2/3后开始第一次用药,隔20-25天喷施一次,共用药4-5次,可有效防治柑橘黑点病。     

农村劳动价格、收入结构变化与柑橘种植布局变迁

在农村劳动力持续转移背景下,探讨农村劳动价格、农户收入结构变化对柑橘种植布局变迁的影响,对于促进柑橘产业发展和保障农民增收具有重要意义。在理论推导基础上,利用柑橘主产省的面板数据建立固定效应模型,从全局和分区两个视角实证研究农村劳动价格、农户收入结构对我国柑橘种植布局的影响。结果表明:农业用工价格和非农就业工资的提高对柑橘种植产生负向影响,我国柑橘种植布局正由农村劳动价格较高的浙-闽-粤地区向农村劳动价格较低、以农业经营为主要收入来源的赣南-湘南-桂北扩张;工资性收入提高对柑橘种植产生的收入效应和生产总成本上涨产生的抑制效应,共同作用致使长江中游和鄂西柑橘带种植面积缓慢增长,形成我国柑橘种植“西移内扩”趋势。故而以调控农村劳动力转移、农户收入结构为切入点,是优化柑橘种植布局的重要思路。     

The influence of dietary fatty acid and fasting on the hepatic lipid metabolism of barramundi (Lates calcarifer)

For many fish species, dietary fish oil (FO) has been substituted with other oils such as poultry oil (PO) without affecting growth performance. However, in barramundi, the mechanisms by which fatty acid metabolism is regulated are poorly understood, and the effects of FO substitution are unknown. This study defined changes in the expression of genes controlling the metabolism of fatty acids in barramundi over a 24‐h time period after a single meal. From one to 12 h after a single feeding event, the expression of fatty acid synthesis genes in the liver was upregulated, while genes involved in the β‐oxidation showed minimal alteration. However, the expression of β‐oxidation genes was significantly correlated with the expression of genes regulating fatty acid synthesis. In a second experiment, the changes in liver fatty acid composition and gene expression were defined after FO was substituted with PO. Liver fatty acid profile reflected the diet composition, with some subtle exceptions supporting the enrichment of certain long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver. The fish from all experimental groups preferentially retained more docosahexaenoic acid than eicosapentaenoic acid in the liver, suggesting a bioconversion of this fatty acid to intermediate fatty acids. Replacement of FO with PO significantly regulated genes controlling both fatty acid synthesis and catabolism pathways, potentially related to a higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids, in the livers of fish fed these diets. The results demonstrated that diet composition significantly altered the lipid metabolism in barramundi and that there was a balance between direct dietary effects and endogenous synthetic capacity.     

Adapting bioenergetic factorial modelling to understand the implications of heat stress on barramundi (Lates calcarifer) growth,feed utilisation and optimal protein and energy requirements – potential strategies for dealing with climate change?

The implications of temperature on bioenergetics for barramundi (Lates calcarifer) were defined in an improved factorial model that encompassed revised parameters accounting for effects over the temperature range of 16–39 °C and size range of 10–3000 g. A revised growth function describing weight gain by barramundi as a function of fish weight and temperature was derived from farm and laboratory data and included a term for a shift in optimal temperature with fish size: Gain (g fish^?1 day^?1) = (K + xT + yT ² + zT³) * (weight)^ax+b. Maintenance energy and protein demand functions were also derived on a similar form, and all three functions combined to form the basis of a factorial model for energy and protein demand. Using this model, optimal iterative feed specifications were defined for a range of fish sizes at temperatures of 25, 30 and 35 °C. A feed demand model was also developed based on the demand for digestible energy (DE) at each of these temperatures. The model shows that at high temperatures (35 °C), there is an increase in digestible protein (DP) to DE demand, and that with increasing size, there is a decrease in the DP to DE demand.     

Trophic relationships and ecosystem characteristics in a newly-impounded man-made lake in Thailand

Abstract  The trophic dynamics of a newly-impounded south east Asian reservoir, Pasak Jolasid, Thailand, monitored from its creation, were constructed using ecopath , a mass-balanced model. The trophic levels (TLs) of 36 ecological groups varied between 1.0 and 3.2. The majority of fish biomass was at the second TL, where the fishery is concentrated. Some food resources (benthic organisms and zooplankton) were not fully used, whereas phytoplankton and benthic algae were important components of the food web, which is based on phytoplankton and detritus. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of ecological maturity of the ecosystem and possible fishery management of this multi-purpose reservoir.     

‘岩溪晚芦’椪柑果皮与果肉差减cDNA文库的构建及初步分析

 以‘岩溪晚芦’(Citrus reticulata Blanco)成熟果皮和果肉为材料,采用抑制性差减杂交技术,成功构建了果皮（tester）与果肉（driver）的差减cDNA文库。结果显示：cDNA克隆外源插入片段大小介于100～500 bp之间。成功对411个克隆进行了测序,测序结果经与NCBI基因库中序列进行比较,377个EST 找到了同源序列,它们分属于126个基因,涉及到与色素合成、能量代谢、初级代谢、次生代谢、抗逆防御、蛋白代谢、信号转导、香味形成、果皮软化（衰老）、精油合成、抗氧化代谢等代谢途径和生理生化过程。还有一些基因涉及到三价铁螯合物、反转录转座子gag蛋白、查尔酮合成、硼离子转运、儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶等功能。功能已知且没有重复的EST共有63个,占总数的49.2%。有5个基因共62个克隆虽在Blast搜索时找到了较高的同源性序列,但功能目前尚未明确,有待进一步深入分析。另有34个基因未搜索到同源序列,可能为新发现的基因。     

柑桔类水果自动包装机的研究与设计

柑桔的采后商品化过程中,不同的环节需要不同的塑料薄膜包装。通过对现有水果包装机专利技术进行分析比较,提供了一种结构简明、单果包装成本低、功能机构切换快捷的新型水果包装机设计方案。     

酶解—发酵偶联柑橘脱囊衣工艺的研究

酶解脱囊衣用于柑橘片罐头生产是替代酸碱脱囊衣节水降耗的研究重点,但是采用酶解工艺生产成本高、脱囊衣后废水中有机质的排放量并没有降低。脱囊衣后废水中含有果胶、纤维素等,以此为基质筛选得到一株高产果胶酶的菌株黑曲霉,通过试验得到优化后的发酵条件为脱囊衣废水中加入0.5%明胶为氮源,接种量6%,pH 7.0,28℃,48 h果胶酶酶活可达到9.32×103U.mL-1。发酵产生的果胶酶可提供相当于原料2倍以上的柑橘脱囊衣,该研究提供了一条成本低,污染小的酶解脱囊衣清洁工艺。     

广佛手不同成熟期果实挥发性物质含量分析

以广佛手不同成熟期的鲜果为材料,采用顶空固相萃取及GC-MS法,分析其挥发性物质含量成分及变化。结果表明：从花后160～200 d的5个成熟期共鉴定出25种成分,各成熟期成分的种类、数量基本相同。挥发性物质成分以烯类为主,占含量的96%以上,其中又以柠檬烯和松油烯为主,分别占含量的44%和27%以上。这些主要成分的含量之和先上升后下降,在花后180 d达最高值,说明花后180 d应为佛手采收最佳期。     

碳酸铵对意大利青霉的作用机制及对不同柑橘果实品质的影响

为了寻求一种安全有效的方法防治由意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）引起的柑橘青霉病,该研究分析了碳酸铵作为通常认为安全的药剂抑制意大利青霉生长的可能作用机制及对脐橙、皇帝柑、沃柑3种不同类型柑橘贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,碳酸铵能抑制意大利青霉孢子萌发和菌丝生长,且呈现剂量依赖效应,在质量浓度分别为 0.4 g/L和0.8 g/L时可完全抑制孢子萌发和菌丝生长。结构观察表明,碳酸铵引起菌丝生长节点稀疏和分支减少;超微结构观察发现菌丝严重皱缩,菌丝线粒体结构异常。生理生化分析表明,碳酸铵处理,引起线粒体的钠/钾离子ATP酶（Na+/ K+-ATPase）、钙离子ATP酶（Ca2+-ATPase）和镁离子ATP酶（Mg2+-ATPase）活性下降,导致还原型谷胱甘肽（Reduced Glutathione,GSH）含量及谷胱甘肽还原酶（Glutathione Reductase,GR）活性降低,活性氧清除体系超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）、过氧化物酶（Peroxidase,POD）活性紊乱,促进H2O2积累。添加活性氧清除剂半胱氨酸（Cysteine,Cys）能部分恢复碳酸铵处理的病菌孢子萌发。活体接种表明,16 g/L碳酸铵处理显著减小了柑橘果实接种意大利青霉的病斑直径（P<0.05）,减轻果实发病。碳酸铵处理能降低3种类型柑橘果实自然发病率,且对果实失重率、色泽、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、还原糖含量无不良影响。结果表明,碳酸铵通过损伤意大利青霉菌丝线粒体结构和功能,促进活性氧积累来发挥抗真菌活性,碳酸铵可以作为杀菌剂的绿色有效替代方法,研究结果为碳酸铵防治柑橘果实采后腐烂提供参考。