ISSR标记技术在植物病原真菌研究中的应用

本文对ISSR在植物病原真菌研究中的应用现状进行综述。在植物病原真菌研究中,ISSR主要应用在遗传多样性研究,种间及种内关系及病菌检测,种群遗传分化以及在抗病基因标记及定位中的应用等方面。ISSR技术具操作简单、重复性、多态性丰富和耗资少等优点,并且能鉴定到病原真菌小种,这将使其在新物种鉴定、病菌检测、遗传分化等研究中发挥积极作用,也会被越来越多地应用在更多领域中。     

油茶叶枯病菌的生物学特性

近几年.油茶叶枯病已从油茶的次要病害上升为主要病害.为给此病害的防治提供依据,对该病菌的生物学特性进行了分析,分离纯化了油茶叶枯病原菌,并对影响其生长的温度、酸碱度、光照和培养基进行了试验研究.结果表明:病原菌在5～31℃之间均能生长,其中27℃的温度为菌丝生长的最适宜温度;病原菌在pH值为4～9之间均可以生长,当pH值为6时菌丝生长最快;光照对菌丝生长的影响不大;以蔗糖为碳源的培养基最适合该病菌的生长,以葡萄糖为碳源的培养基其生长最慢.     

油茶白朽病菌ITS基因的克隆及序列分析

分离油茶白朽病的病原菌,并对该菌的ITS基因进行克隆和测序 将所得序列在Genbank中经B lastn搜索,构建分子系统发育树。结果表明：病原菌ITS序列与Genbank数据库中已有的序列同源性较低,最高仅为94%,系统发育树也显示该菌不与其他菌株聚类而是单独聚为1支。由于Genbank数据库有限,难以根据同源性来确定其属种关系。     

牛心朴子生物碱对奶牛乳房炎病原菌的体外抑菌试验

对4例临床型奶牛乳房炎的乳汁进行病原分离及鉴定,分离出了金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌和大肠杆菌。选择牛心朴子生物碱,采用试管2倍稀释法进行体外抑菌试验,测其最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果显示：牛心朴子生物碱对3种菌都有不同程度的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌、大肠杆菌分离株的MIC及MBC分别是12.5mg/mL、1.561 25mg/mL、6.25mg/mL和6.25mg/mL、1.561 25mg/mL、3.125mg/mL。     

检验检疫动物病原微生物实验活动生物安全要求的分析探讨

针对病原微生物现行的安全标准和生物安全规章制度,依据卫生部和农业部颁发的名录和操作方法给予探讨。在生物安全要求方面进行更新并进一步地探讨。     

丁鱼岁“腐皮病”病原菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

为了确定丁鱼岁腐皮病的病原菌,为该病的诊断和防治提供科学依据。采用细菌常规分离方法,从丁鱼岁体表病灶部位、内脏及血液分离出优势菌株GXZ01,对其进行了生理生化特性、人工感染试验及药敏试验研究。结果表明：（1）菌株GXZ01是温和气单胞菌。（2）该菌呈短杆状,长度约为0.7~1.1 μm,属革兰氏阴性菌;（3）该菌对氧哌嗪青霉素、氟哌酸、菌必治等8种抗生素敏感,对丙氟哌酸、氨苄青霉素等4种药物中度敏感,对青霉素和乙酰螺旋霉素不敏感。表明温和气单胞菌是致病菌,可以导致丁鱼岁腐皮病的发生,这尚属首次报道,将对该鱼的病害防治和健康养殖有着重要的指导意义。     

Antibacterial activity in microalgae cultures

Five cultures of microalgae (Chlorella minutissima, Tetraselmis chui, Nannochloropsis sp., Arthrospira platensis and Isochrysis sp.) with no culturable bacteria were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of six Vibrio bacterial strains (V. parahaemolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. splendidus, V. scophthalmi, V. alginolyticus and V. lentus). The influence of light on the antibacterial activity of the microalgae was investigated. All microalgae cultures inhibited the growth of bacteria compared with the control treatments (P < 0.05), and their antibacterial activity was not influenced by the presence or absence of light. In the control groups, the numbers of bacteria increased exponentially during the experimental period in the absence of microalgae cells demonstrating that the bacterial cells were able to utilize the growth medium of microalgae cultures. The present results may explain the low levels or absence of Vibrio strains in microalgae cultures, and the positive effect of addition of microalgae in rearing of fish larvae, and implicate the production of antibacterial compounds by microalgae cells.     

Do fathead minnows,Pimephales promelas Rafinesque,alter their club cell investment in responses to variable risk of infection from Saprolegnia?

Fish in the Superorder Ostariophysi possess large epidermal club cells that release chemical cues warning nearby conspecifics of danger. Despite the long‐held assumption that such club cells evolved under the selective force of predation, recent studies demonstrated that predation has no effect on club cell investment. Rather, club cells have an immune function and cell production may be stimulated by skin‐penetrating pathogens and parasites. The current work investigates whether fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, alter their club cell characteristics based on variation in infection risk. In a 2 × 3 design, we exposed minnows to infective cysts of two oomycete species (Saprolegnia ferax and S. parasitica) at three different concentrations (2, 20 or 200 cysts L^?1). Club cell characteristics (number and size) were quantified 12 days after exposure. Saprolegnia parasitica is thought to be more pathogenic than S. ferax, hence we predicted greater club cell investment and a larger turnover rate of cells by minnows exposed to S. parasitica than S. ferax. We also predicted that minnows exposed to higher numbers of cysts should invest more in club cells and have a higher turnover rate of cells. We found no difference in club cell density or size between fish exposed to the two Saprolegnia species; however, fish exposed to high concentrations of pathogens had smaller club cells than those exposed to low concentrations, indicating a higher rate of turnover of cells in the epidermis.     

樟薄孔菌菌丝体醇溶组分分析及其抗菌活性的研究

以探索樟薄孔菌抗菌活性为目的,采用液体深层发酵的方法获取樟薄孔菌菌丝体,以乙醇提取其醇溶性组分。用气相色谱-质谱联用技术结合红外光谱对醇溶组分进行鉴定,对其进行植物病原菌和医学病原菌的抗菌试验。结果表明,醇溶组分主要含有顺十二碳-10-烯酸四氢吡喃酯、5-己基-α-呋喃酮、Z,Z-十八碳-9,12-二烯酸、十八碳-9,12-二烯酸乙酯、十八碳-9-烯酸乙酯、1-(2,6,6-三甲基-环己烯基)-1-十一烯-3,6-二酮、邻苯二甲酸-α-乙基己酯、2,6-二氨基-3-(4-氨基-6-喹啉偶氮基)吡啶8种化学成分。对醇溶组分进行植物病原菌和医学病原菌的抗菌试验,结果表明,樟薄孔菌醇溶组分对苹果腐烂病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、小麦赤霉病菌和大肠杆菌病原菌表现出较强的抑制生长作用。     

Application of organic amendments followed by soil plastic mulching reduces the incidence of Phytophthora capsici in pepper crops under temperate climate

A greenhouse experiment was performed to study the effectiveness of the application of organic amendments followed by soil plastic mulching for control of Phytophthora capsici in temperate climate regions. The organic amendments were i) a non-composted mixture of sheep manure and chicken litter; ii) a semicomposted mixture of horse manure and chicken litter, and iii) Brassica carinata pellets + Sinapis alba as fresh green manure. In particular, we studied the effect of treatments on P. capsici oospore survival, disease incidence and soil properties. The treatment with B. carinata + S. alba resulted in a 93% reduction in disease incidence. The application of the semicomposted and non-composted mixture followed by soil plastic mulching caused 86 and 65% reduction, respectively, in disease incidence due, at least partially, to a decrease in oospore viability, the production of NH₃ and an increase in soil microbial activity. Significantly higher values of dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were detected in treated soils, possibly resulting in pathogen suppression. The application of organic amendments followed by soil plastic mulching can be a good option for control of P. capsici in protected pepper crops under temperate climate.