菜地土壤N_2O排放及其氮素反硝化损失

采用培养试验方法,对南京郊区 3对菜地土和水稻土的 N2O排放和氮素反硝化损失进行了研究.不加乙炔培养测定土壤 N2O排放,加乙炔( 10% V/V)培养测定反硝化损失.菜地土为相同类型水稻土改种为蔬菜约 20年的土壤.结果表明,在培养 0～ 1 d期间 ,菜地土本身 N2O排放通量 (5.15～ 218.37 ng N· g-1soil· h-1)均高于相同类型的水稻土 (2.50～ 3.94 ng N· g-1soil· h-1). 3对供试土壤中, 2个菜地土培养 21 d排放的 N2O总量与反硝化损失总量均显著高于相同类型的水稻土( P<0.05). 3对供试土壤施尿素后反硝化损失均未显著增加.施肥和不施肥处理,土壤 N2O排放累积量和反硝化损失累积量随时间 t的变化均符合修正的 Elovich方程 y=bln(t)+ a.     

新疆玛纳斯河流域灌溉技术对土壤盐渍化的影响

评价新疆玛纳斯河流域灌区灌溉技术对土壤盐渍化的影响程度。以石河子垦区为例,着重分析不同阶段灌溉技术对土壤盐渍化的影响;根据土壤盐渍化与灌溉技术水平的关系,用类比法对灌区盐渍化耕地的发展趋势进行初步预测。结果表明:在无排水条件下漫灌、畦灌等传统灌溉技术造成地下水位迅速上升,土层出现严重积盐。井灌井排技术有效地降低了地下水位,土壤明显脱盐,作物产量不断提高。目前大力推广的膜下滴灌由于其良好的节水和压盐效果,土壤中盐分含量逐年下降,随着滴灌年限的增加,土壤平均脱盐率逐渐提高;预计2010年大部分地区水资源达到合理利用后,灌区次生盐渍化耕地比例将下降到35%~40%,2020年区域水资源实现高效利用后,盐渍化耕地将减少到30%以内。随着灌溉技术水平的不断提高,不同类型土壤出现明显脱盐,灌区盐渍化耕地也将逐渐减少,但不会全部消失。     

The Effect of Tryptophan on Serotonin-Like Neurons in Duck Cerebellum

Healthy Cherry Valley ducks were used in the present study. Different doses of tryptophan were injected intraperitoneally to them after being fasted 4 h （8：00 a.m.-12：00 a.m.）. One hour later, they were deeply anaesthetized and perfused. The cerebellum was removed to make serial paraffin longitudinal sections. The streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex （SABC） method was used to study the distribution of serotonin-like neurons in the cerebellum. All films were analysed by using a computer-assisted image analysis system. Serotonin-like neurons are only localized in cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. The optical density averages of serotonin-like neurons in 200 and 100 mg kg^-1 group are significantly higher than that of 0 mg kg^-1 group （P〈0.01）. These results show that serotonin-like neurons are distributed in Purkinje cell layer and that excessive tryptophan can affect the content of serotonin in cerebellum.     

Cytological Studies on Unreduced Gamete Formation of Strawberries (Fragaria)

A diploid strawberry (Fragaria vesca L. ) which can naturally produce unreduced gametes (2n pollen) and doubled-unreduced gametes (4n pollen) was used to study the cytological mechanism of 2n and 4n gamete formation. The result showed that the formation of 2n gamete was mainly due to the abnormal orientation of spindles at metaphase Ⅱ. The normal orientation of two spindles at metaphase Ⅱ was perpendicular to each other, which led to tetrad formation at the end of meiosis. Two kinds of abnormal orientation of metaphase Ⅱ spindles, i.e. parallel spindles and triangle spindles, were observed. Of the parallel spindles, the 4group chromosomes were distributed to 2 poles and formed a dyad which formed two 2n pollen grains furtheriy. Of the triangle spindles, the 4 group chromosomes were distributed to 3 poles and formed a triad which formed one 2n pollen grain and two n pollen grains. In addition, a few very big pollen grains (4n pollen)which probably due to the fusion of the tetrad were found.     

秋水仙素诱导新铁炮百合2n花粉方法的优化

以新铁炮百合种子为试材,采用正交实验设计探索利用秋水仙素处理新铁炮百合种子的诱导2n花粉方法和可能性。结果表明:种子萌发处理时间5 d、秋水仙素浓度0.05%或0.2%时新铁炮百合种子出苗的效果最好;经对大花粉率极差分析,秋水仙素处理浓度是诱导大花粉的最主要因子,秋水仙素浓度0.1%、处理时间为24 h,种子萌发处理时间7 d,种子品种富田3号是诱导新铁炮百合大花粉有效方法。     

新疆叶尔羌河流域土壤盐渍化特征研究

以新疆叶尔羌河流域为例,分析了该地区土壤盐渍化的类型、程度、特征、成因以及与地下水埋深的关系。盐渍化程度分析为该区农业发展提供了科学依据;3种土壤盐分组成剖面涵盖了新疆地区典型的土壤盐化类型,为提出针对性的解决方案提供可靠保证;剖析了土壤盐渍化成因及与地下水埋深的关系,指出控制土壤盐分的关键是合理的淋洗与排水、建立明渠排水与竖井排灌相结合的灌溉方式。为新疆及其他类似地区评价与解决土壤盐渍化问题提供了新思路。     

水土保持参与市场经济的基本思路

水土保持参与市场经济的基本思路周赤（河北省邯郸市水土保持站，邯郸０５６００２）建立社会主义市场经济体制，是社会主义经济理论上的重大突破。水土保持如何适应社会主义市场经济，创造自身生存和发展的条件，增强水土保持活力，这是对水土保持工作的挑战，也是一次机...     

荒漠绿洲农田防护林伐根嫁接毛白杨更新技术

 为抵御病虫害侵袭,提高干旱荒漠区防护林的防风固沙效益,在不同种的杨树伐根上,嫁接二倍体、三倍体毛白杨,嫁接亲和力强、接穗成活率高、生长旺盛、越冬成活率高、伐根为青杨组和黑杨组树种,则表现较差。引种不同品系的二倍体、三倍体毛白杨种(穗)条,实施箭杆杨农防林伐根嫁接的结果是:二倍体毛白杨品种中河北毛白杨表现最优;三倍体毛白杨品种中YX-128表现最优。对二白杨伐根嫁接的三倍体毛白杨,更新林存活率调查(3个冬季后)结果为:伐根上保存1株以上嫁接苗的占888%;杨树伐根直径与接穗苗数(1～3)对嫁接毛白杨的高生长差异不显著,二倍体、三倍体毛白杨品种间的高生长差异也不显著,但随着接穗数的增加,高生长有降低的趋势,而对嫁接苗的地径生长,则差异显著,其与伐根直径呈正相关,并随着嫁接苗数的增加显著下降,且三倍体毛白杨嫁接苗的地径生长,明显大于二倍体毛白杨。试验表明:正常情况下,伐根嫁接毛白杨,当年苗木高度达2.0～4.4m,2年后,林带平均高度达6.2m,3年后,二倍体、三倍体毛白杨林带的平均高度和地径,分别为73m、7.65cm和7.4m、8.87cm,防护效益显著,预计更新林生长4年后,高度与原防护林相近,防护效益可超过原防护林的90%。     

近20年太湖流域典型区土壤养分时空变化及驱动机理

长期的定位采样试验研究了近 2 0年锡山市甘露乡土壤表层 ( 0～ 2 0cm)中有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾等土壤养分的时空变化趋势 ,并分析了土壤养分波动与国家政策、耕作方式、农业投入和单位面积农业纯收益之间的相互关系。结果表明 :2 0年间土壤养分质量总体上呈现先减后增的变化趋势。有机质呈现先减后增的变化趋势 ,且与耕作措施的改变有密切关系。全氮和速效氮呈持续上升趋势 ,上升幅度大于 1 0 0 % ,与氮肥使用量不断上升密切相关。速效磷、速效钾呈持续下降趋势 ,与磷肥、钾肥使用过少有关。国家政策和耕作方式、种植制度对SNQI影响十分明显 ,标准农业投入与土壤养分质量指数呈正相关关系 ,单位面积标准农业纯收益与土壤养分质量指数呈负相关关系     

The diversity and sustainable development of crop genetic resources in the Lancang River Valley

This paper reviews the status of crop genetic resources in Yunnan province of China from 1978 to 1999. Results are presented of same research in the field of the diversity of cultivated and wild crop. Yunnan is one of the centre of origin or genetic diversity of more than 200 cultivated and wild crops. There are over 500 cultivated plants which account for over 80% of the total in China and more than 650 species of wild crops. In addition, there are more than 440 species of main wild flowers. According to our recently researches there are abundant species, subspecies and varieties of crop genetic resources in Yunnan Province. The Lancang River Valley is the richest genetic diversity centre of rice, maize, wheat, barley, buckwheat, legumes, ramie, sugarcane, vegetable, tea, actinidia and so on. For example, there are 59 varieties (including all varieties of Oryza sativa L. in China) in 5933 accession of Yunnan indigenous rice. The Lancang River Valley is one of the centre for genetic diversity of rice resources and a rich region for elite and rare rice resources of Yunnan, too. In order to protect the highly endangered crop genetic resources in the Lancang River Valley, it is necessary and very important to set up a collection, conservation, utilization and research system, enhancing their protection and utilization, in situ- and ex situ-conservation, farm management and sustainable production.