丁酸钠对1～42日龄樱桃谷肉鸭生长性能和营养物质消化率的影响

为研究丁酸钠对樱桃谷肉鸭生长性能和营养物质消化率的影响,试验以1～42日龄樱桃谷肉种鸭为研究对象,在基础日粮中添加不同水平的丁酸钠进行饲喂,分别测定5、7、14、21、28、35和42日龄肉鸭平均日采食量、平均日增重、绝对增重、相对增重、饲料转化率以及各营养物质的消化率。结果表明:①丁酸钠可以提高樱桃谷肉鸭的平均日增重、绝对增重和相对增重,降低采食量,改善饲料转化率,其中以0.07%的添加量效果最好;②丁酸钠能显著提高樱桃谷肉种鸭对粗脂肪的消化率,对其它营养物质的消化没有表现出一定的规律;③建议樱桃谷肉鸭饲粮中丁酸钠适宜的添加含量为0.07%。     

生物种群灰色非线性变换通用模型及其应用

基于灰色高阶增量动态GMS(n,l)建模原理和方法[5],提出Logistic扩展模型-LM(n,l)模型、理查兹生长函数扩展模型-LLM(n,l)模型、库柏茨生长函数扩展模型LE(n,l)模型,能有效描述生物种群数量非平稳、振荡性增长过程.应用本文模型对福建三明格氏栲种群数量增长序列进行模拟,复相关系数R2＞0.9974,平均误差率为δ＜4.0343%.拟合优度、精度均佳.文献[1]～[3]中3种模型模拟值在序列前期存在系统偏差,本文3种模型模拟值有效消除了这一系统偏差,更适合格氏栲种群动态增长特征.本文模型信息包容量极为丰富,为非线性生物种群离散时间序列建模、预测、控制提供了新的有效规范方法,在生物、生态等领域具有广泛适用性与广阔应用前景.     

Cytology of 2n Pollen Formation in Nonastringent Persimmon

Cytological mechanisms of 2n pollen formation in ‘Zenjimaru‘ nonastringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f. ) were studied. The following abnormalities in meiosis were found to be responsible for the production of 2n pollens: (1) disoriented spindles, including parallel, fused and tripolar spindles, were formed at metaphase Ⅱ and anaphase Ⅱ; (2) the nuclei at telophase Ⅱ were arranged to two poles, each of which contained two nuclei, or to three poles, one of which contained two nuclei, the other two contained one nucleus respectively; (3) dyads and triads were produced at the tetrad stage. The dyad would develop into two 2n pollens, and the triad would develop into one 2n and two n pollens. The 2n pollens produced by this mechanism were genetically equivalent to FDR (first division restitution) gametes, thus providing a potential value for sexual polyploidization.     

干热河谷印楝和大叶相思人工林根系生物量及其分布特征

以元谋干热河谷10年生印楝和大叶相思为研究对象,采用分层挖掘法对印楝纯林、大叶相思纯林及印楝×大叶相思混交林根系生物量及其分布特征进行研究.结果表明:印楝×大叶相思混交林根系总生物量为2.707 t/hm2,介于印楝纯林(2.264t/hm2)和大叶相思纯林(3.405 t/hm2)之间.混交林内主根总生物量为1.057 t/hm2,为印楝纯林和大叶相思纯林的69.9％和69.7％,而除粗根外,混交林内其它径级的侧根(中根、小根和细根)生物量均介于印楝纯林和大叶相思纯林之间,分别为印楝纯林的228.7％、120.1％、450.0％,为大叶相思纯林的71.3％、65.8％和48.8％.干热河谷印楝和大叶相思人工林根系在土壤表层分布比例大,尤其足0-0.2 m土层内,其根系生物量占根系总生物量的63.6％-76.3％.根系垂直累积生物量与土壤深度可用二次方程拟合,拟合方程的二阶导数表明,垂直方向上,印楝纯林根系分布较混交林均匀,而混交林较大叶相思纯林均匀.     

水蚀对千岛湖消落带土壤氮素影响的数值模型分析

水蚀作用影响消落带土壤氮素的分布进而对库区水环境产生影响。以千岛湖消落带为研究对象,依据湖水水位变化时间与空间特征和土壤基质的差异性,设置13条代表性土壤样本采集带。采用国家林业行业标准（全氮采用凯氏定氮法GB7173—1987,碱解氮采用碱解扩散法LY/T1229—1999,硝态氮采用酚二磺酸比色法LY/T1230—1999）测定方法,分别测定样本消落带及林地上层（0～30cm）,中层（30-50cm）,下层（50-75cm）土壤中全氮、碱解氮和硝态氮的质量分数。通过建立拟合最小二乘、BP神经网络和偏微分扩散方程3种数值模型,对土壤样本测定所得数据分别进行计算分析。其中,拟合最小二乘法模型计算结果表明：水蚀作用对千岛湖消落带土壤中全氮和碱解氮流失贡献分别为80．13万t和10．95万t;硝态氮在消落带综合富积量为913．39t。从对千岛湖案例的分析中可见,消落带水土流失较为严重,需要加强对消落带区域的生态环境保护及治理。     

新县方言/n/音位的发音分类研究

河南省新县地处大别山区,是一个类似于盆地的小城镇,内部的居民在生产生活交流中形成了不同于河南信阳市或是湖北省的方言特色。本篇论述的是其中的一个特色,即新县的方言中/n/音位在声母、韵母中的不同发音,主要参照的是城关地区的发音情况。     

Olive leaves (Olea europea L.) and α‐tocopheryl acetate as feed antioxidants for improving the oxidative stability of α‐linolenic acid‐enriched eggs

Ninety‐six brown Lohmann laying hens were equally assigned into four groups with six replicates. Hens within the control group were fed a corn–soybean‐based diet supplemented with 4% linseed oil. Two other groups were given the same diet further supplemented with 5 or 10 g ground olive leaves/kg feed, while the diet of the fourth group was further supplemented with 200 mg α‐tocopheryl acetate/kg. Supplementing diets with olive leaves had no effect on egg production, feed intake and egg traits. Eggs collected 28 days after feeding the experimental diets were analysed for lipid hydroperoxides and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, fatty acid profile, α‐tocopherol concentrations and susceptibility to iron‐induced lipid oxidation. Olive leaves were also analysed for total and individual phenolics, and total flavonoids, whereas their antioxidant capacity was determined using both the DPPH (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2‐azinobis3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activity assays. Results showed that neither α‐tocopheryl acetate nor olive leaves supplementation exerted (p > 0.05) any effect on the fatty acid composition of n‐3 eggs. Supplementing the diet with 5 g olive leaves/kg had no (p > 0.05) effect on the hydroperoxide levels of n‐3 eggs, while supplementing with 10 g olive leaves/kg or 200 mg α‐tocopheryl acetate/kg, the lipid hydroperoxide levels were reduced (p ≤ 0.05) compared to control. However, although hydroperoxides were reduced, MDA, a secondary lipid oxidation product, was not affected (p > 0.05). Iron‐induced lipid oxidation increased MDA values in eggs from all groups, the increase being higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the control group and the group supplemented with 5 g olive leaves/kg. The group supplemented with 10 g olive leaves/kg presented MDA values lower (p ≤ 0.05) than the control but higher (p ≤ 0.05) than the α‐tocopheryl acetate group, which presented MDA concentrations lower (p ≤ 0.05) than all other experimental diets at all incubation time points.     

The effect of dietary long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation on owner’s perception of behaviour and locomotion in cats with naturally occurring osteoarthritis

The aim of this randomized, double‐blinded, placebo–controlled, cross‐over designed study was to demonstrate the clinical effect, registered by a survey, of a 10‐week period of omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation of the diet (1.53 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 0.31 g DHA, both per 1000 kcal ME, equivalent to the complete diet) of 16 cats with radiologically documented, naturally occurring osteoarthritis (OA), in comparison with a 10‐week period of supplementation with corn oil (0.00 g EPA and 0.00 g DHA, both per 1000 kcal ME). Cats on the fish oil revealed higher activity level (p = 0.07), more walking up and down the stairs (p = 0.07), less stiffness during gait (p = 0.03), more interaction with the owner (p = 0.07) and higher jumps (p = 0.03) compared to those on corn oil supplementation. In conclusion, supplementation of long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids changes the owner’s perception of some aspects of behaviour and locomotion in cats with naturally occurring OA.     

徂徕山沙化区不同土地利用方式下土壤微形态特征研究

主要研究了徂徕山土地沙化退化地区不同土地利用方式下土壤的微形态特征，多因素综合量化分析评价．从微形态特征评价土壤的质量，研究适合试验区的土地利用方式，为该地区沙化土地治理、水土流失的防治、土地的可持续利用提供科学依据。     

Demographic analysis of a rare columnar cactus (Neobuxbaumia macrocephala) in the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico

In this study we used population projection matrices to evaluate the conservation status of Neobuxbaumia macrocephala, a columnar cactus endemic to a small region in the Tehuacan Valley, in central Mexico. Demographic data included 2-year observations on growth, fecundity and survival of individuals classified by size. Our results indicate that the population is comprised of 70% juveniles. Population growth rate was 0.979 and 0.994 for the 1997/1998 and the 1998/1999 periods, respectively. The slight increase in λ in 1998/1999 was a result of increased fecundity and seedling survival. The highest elasticity values correspond to the survival of large/old individuals. Numerical simulations were performed by changing the value of particular matrix entries and directly evaluating their effect on λ. Population growth rate reached values above unity only when either fecundity or seedling survival probability were increased 10-fold. Given these limitations for population growth, along with its limited distribution range and low population densities, we propose N. macrocephala to be classified as a rare species and to promote its conservation by favoring management practices aimed to increase germination and seedling establishment success.