The origin of polyploids via 2n gametes in Vaccinium section Cyanococcus

Summary The production of 2n pollen (pollen with the sporophytic chromosome number) was evaluated in 4x and 6x taxa of Vaccinium section Cyanococcus. Mean frequencies of 2n pollen producers were 17.1% and 8.3% in natural 4x and 6x populations, respectively. The frequency of 2n pollen producers in the 4x species ranged from 8.6% (V. angustifolium) to 23.8% (V. pallidum). Level of 2n pollen production was genotypically variable (1% to 37.4%). The widespread occurrence of 2n pollen in 2x, 4x and 6x taxa suggests that sexual polyploidization was widespread and responsible for the origin of the polyploid species found in this genus. The frequency of 2n pollen producers was not significantly different between the 4x species and their putative 2x ancestors. These results support the origin of 4x and 6x taxa as a consequence of sexual polyploidization. Polyploids derived from sexual polyploidization would be expected to have increased fitness and flexibility due to the mode of 2n pollen formation. In blueberry species the predominant mode of 2n pollen formation is genetically equivalent to a first division restitution mechanism (FDR). FDR 2n pollen transmits a high percentage of the heterozygosity and a large fraction of the epistasis from the 2x parent to the 4x offspring.     

The implications of 2n egg gametes in nobilization and breeding of sugarcane

Summary Nobilization in sugarcane is viewed from a genetic angle considering the significance of 2n gametes. The inbreeding coefficients resulting from 2n gametes, for first and second nobilizations are worked out. The implication of 2n gametes to sugarcane breeding are discussed.     

Bilateral polyploidization inDactylis glomerata L. subsp.lusitanica: occurrence,morphological and genetic characteristics of first polyploids

Summary InDactylis glomerata L. subsp.lusitanica, triploid and tetraploid plants were obtained by bilateral sexual polyploidization in crosses between diploid parents known to produce 2n gametes. The polyploid and diploid progeny were compared for allozyme diversity (allele number and heterozygosity), phenological (pollen fertility, inflorescence emergence date), cellular (stomatic cell size) and morphological characters (vegetative biomass, seed weight, total seed number per plant, panicle number and seed number per panicle length) in four contrasting growing conditions. Stomatal cell size and the total number of alleles were significantly lower in diploids than in polyploids which sometimes recovered more than two distinct alleles at a locus via 2n gametes possessing heterozygous loci. Pollen fertility was similar in diploids and tetraploids, but significantly lower in the triploids. Seed weight was significantly higher in polyploids, although the average number of seeds per panicle length and the total number of seeds was higher in the diploid sibs. No phenological differences occurred among ploidy levels whereas such differences were observed inDactylis in all the natural areas of sympatry between diploids and their related polyploids. Our results provide evidence for an instantaneous effect of polyploidization on certain traits and suggest that natural selection would act subsequently on several other traits to allow the establishment of new polyploids.     

不同基因型苹果的离体再生特性及其对NaN_3的反应

不同基因型苹果叶片培养物再生特性不同，主要表现在再生频率的高低和再生类型的类异，通过培养基中的激素和培养过程的光照调节，可以有效地提高各基因型品种的再生频率。不同基因型苹果叶片培养物对ＮａＮ３诱变处理的反应不同，总体而言，其存活率和再生频率均随ＮａＮ３浓度的提高而下降。不同基因型苹果的适宜ＮａＮ３浓度应有所不同，以３０％存活率为标准，对Ｍ２６、嗄拉，首红，长富２及岩富进行诱变处理的适宜浓度分别为３     

花江峡谷不同植被类型下土壤水分时空分布特征

花江峡谷是一个严重石漠化的喀斯特峡谷,水分是花江峡谷植物生长发育的主要限制因子,故在花江峡谷区如何选择适当的植被类型是充分利用降水和防止水土流失的一个重要环节。通过研究花江峡谷区不同植被类型下土壤水分的时空分布特征,探讨适合该区生态修复的植被类型,为峡谷区生态建设与水土保持提供依据。研究结果表明:(1)在空间分布上,多年生的柚木对土壤深层水分的影响较大;花椒树(特别是长势好的花椒树木)对土壤水分的保持具有明显作用。(2)在时间分布上,各种植被类型下的土壤含水量均随降雨量的多少而升降,但进入12月份在降雨量最低的情况下,花椒的土壤含水量甚至出现升高的现象,反映了花椒特有的保持水土、涵养水源的作用。研究结果证明大面积种植花椒树有利于提高研究区的生态、经济效益。     

土地利用方式对土壤有机碳和碳库管理指数的影响

土壤碳库管理指数反映土壤管理的科学性.对比研究了干热河谷新银合欢林、苏门答腊金合欢林、大叶相思林、印楝林、荒地和旱耕地土壤有机碳(SOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)含量和土壤碳库管理指数.结果表明:6种土地利用方式下SOC和ROC含量范围分别为4.22～5.92 g·kg-1和1.34～2.33 g·kg-1.各利用方式...     

Organochlorine and Metal Accumulation in Fish (Phoxinus phoxinus) Along a North-South Transect in the Alps

Southern populations of the European minnow fromremote oligotrophic mountain lakes along an Alpinenorth-south transect accumulated more p,p DDE andPCBs than northern populations. As these semi-volatileorganochlorines predominantly evaporate in warmcountries, higher rates of condensation (deposition)are assumed to occur in the southern slopes of theAlps. The higher accumulation of lead and cadmium insouthern population is rather attributed to geogenicand specific environmental impacts than to atmosphericdeposition. Increasing liver ratios of [glutathionedisulfide]/[glutathione], a potential indicator foroxidative stress, from north to south reflect thegenerally higher toxic load at remote sites at thesouthern edge of the Alps. However, histopathologicalchanges in the liver did not correlate withaccumulated toxicants indicating that deposition doesnot lead to severe lesions but induces specificmechanisms for detoxification.     

嫩江流域生态系统变化的研究

以嫩江流域生态系统为研究对象,参照嫩江流域中下游北部的甘南县同盟站和南部泰来江桥站的水文资料,并通过嫩江流域水文分析和流沙量的分析得出嫩江流域生态环境恶化的主要原因,提出了在嫩江流域中上游地区兴建水库和营造水土保持林,在中下游地区加强堤防和林业生物工程建设,大力营造农田防护林、江岸防风林和水土保持林等建议。     

中国长江流域新育成籼稻品种分析及育种应用

根据对 2 0 0 2年南方稻区国家水稻品种区试资料的分析发现 ,中国长江流域早籼、中籼、晚籼、优质、普通品种的平均相对产量 (以对照品种绝对产量为 10 0 )分别是 99 9、 10 3 7、10 1 5、 10 2 2和 10 2 3,绝大部分参试品种的抗病性表现不够理想、处于中抗 -中感或更弱的水平 ,早籼、中籼和晚籼的优质品种比率分别是 0 0 %、 2 8 0 %、 17 9%。适当增加植株高度对产量有重要的间接促进作用 ,在保持适当有效穗数的前提下 ,每穗实粒数的增加对产量提高具有最重要的作用。影响早籼、中籼、晚籼品种优质的主要品质性状分别是整精米率、垩白米率和垩白度、整精米率垩白米率及垩白度 ,影响高产 (增产、平产 )品种优质的主要品质性状是垩白米率和垩白度。提出了进一步提高育种水平的建议     

柑橘属2n花粉自然发生与沙田柚2n花粉诱导研究

果树2n配子育种较其他植物起步晚,尤其是利用2n花粉进行育种的研究在柑橘上还无先例。试验中初步观察了柑橘属部分品种的2n花粉自然发生情况,证实了柑橘属内未减数花粉的存在。同时通过秋水仙碱不同浓度与作用时间处理促进了柑橘2n花粉的发生,将长寿沙田柚2n花粉发生比例由当年的自然发生率0.87%提高到9.76%。初步观察了2n花粉离体萌发状况,其萌发率与花粉管伸长速度较为正常,但萌发启动比单倍性花粉慢。