The Role of Phenolics and Peroxidase in Resistance to Alternaria triticina in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Total phenolic content in eight diverse wheat lines showed that PF-70354 YACO'S' had the highest (802.90 ± 1.35 μg g⁻¹ fresh weight) and Agra Local possessed the lowest amount (684.72 ± 5.28 μg g⁻¹ fresh weight). However, for further experiments two lines namely, ACC-8226 and MP-845, with contrasting disease scores under field trials were assessed. Pre-infectional levels of total phenolics and peroxidase activity were higher in ACC-8226 than in MP-845. Furthermore, the amount of phenolics and peroxidase activity in each case increased after inoculation. The post-infectional levels of phenolics and peroxidase were again higher in ACC-8226 than in MP-845. The peroxidase activity decreased with age in both the varieties, with very little peroxidase activity after 35th day. However, the amount of phenolics started to decrease with the progress of disease and age in MP-845, whereas in ACC-8226 an elevated level of it was maintained. Our findings not only support that ACC-8226 is the resistant and MP-845 is the susceptible variety but also provide important biochemical parameters for plant breeders to authentically identify potential breeding material and plan effective breeding strategies using these tools.     

番茄早疫病菌拮抗细菌的筛选及其抑制作用

为了筛选对番茄早疫病菌具有生防作用的菌株,利用前期研究获得的17株促生菌,采用平板对峙法测定其对病原真菌的拮抗作用及对菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果发现,可有效拮抗番茄早疫病菌的生防菌有2株,其中,菌株FX2的抑菌活性较好,抑制率达到70.52%,菌株LHS11的抑制率为65.34%。菌株FX2和LHS11可通过次生代谢物抑制病原真菌,其中菌株LHS11的发酵液对番茄早疫病菌的抑制率达到65.40%,菌株FX2的发酵液的抑制率为47.26%。菌株FX2和LHS11能使病原菌菌丝发生不同程度扭曲变形。     

芹菜叶斑病病原菌细极链格孢药剂筛选

【目的】研究筛选对芹菜叶斑病(病菌为:细极链格孢Alternaria tenuissima)具有良好防治作用的药剂。【方法】采用菌丝生长速率法和琼脂片法分别用14种杀菌剂对细极链格孢(A.tenuissima)菌丝和孢子萌发做室内毒力测定并进行田间药效试验。【结果】14种杀菌剂中对病原菌菌丝抑制效果最好的分别为3%甲霜恶霉灵、5%香芹酚、10%苯醚甲环唑、其EC₅₀分别为10.8、19.9、26.2 μg/mL;对孢子萌发抑制效果最好的分别为3%甲霜恶霉灵、25%嘧菌酯、43%戊唑醇,其EC₅₀分别为15.7、29.5、38.7 μg/mL。只有3%甲霜恶霉灵具有最佳的防治效果。防效最好的药剂为3%甲霜恶霉灵和5%香芹酚,其防效分别为96.3%和83.9%。【结论】3%甲霜恶霉灵最适用于田间芹菜叶斑病的防治。     

促进堆肥二次发酵真菌在堆肥中的应用效果

【目的】二次发酵是实现鸡粪等养殖废弃物功能价值提高的关键阶段,本研究旨在将前期筛选得到的真菌应用于鸡粪堆肥的二次发酵阶段,探讨其促进二次发酵的效果并对其进行鉴定,为今后鸡粪的高值化与资源化利用提供理论依据和支撑。【方法】以鸡粪一次发酵产物为原料,添加实验室前期筛选的2株真菌（分别为FCM1和FCM3）进行二次发酵试验。共设置3个处理,分别为对照CK：原料中加入1%（体积L∶干物质量kg）无菌液体培养基;F1：原料中加入1% FCM1菌液;F3：原料中加入1% FCM3菌液。在二次发酵的不同时期,分析测定堆体温度、pH、电导率（EC）、铵态氮、硝态氮、种子发芽指数以及腐殖酸等指标。【结果】与对照相比,添加真菌主要促进了二次发酵阶段快速升温和腐殖化过程快速进行。与未接菌处理相比,真菌FCM3使堆料提前8 d进入升温期,真菌FCM1效果不佳,且在一定程度上延后了鸡粪堆肥的二次发酵。F3处理高温阶段（>50℃）持续了13 d,堆料的GI比对照处理提前25 d达到80%,且腐殖化程度较高（PHA=74.58%,PHA：胡敏酸/总腐殖酸）。相关分析表明,GI与pH、PHA显著正相关,与EC显著负相关。经形态和ITS rDNA测序等方法鉴定,FCM3为链格孢菌。【结论】真菌FCM3能够在一定程度上促进鸡粪堆肥二次发酵的进行,提高堆料的腐殖化程度。     

一种快速、特异性检测小麦中链格孢菌（Alternaria alternata）的巢式 PCR 方法

为建立检测小麦中链格孢菌（Alternaria alternata ）的方法,从河南省小麦黑胚籽粒上分离得到7个优势 A．alternata 病原菌株,对其 rDNA 的内部转录间隔区序列（ITS）进行测序,序列比较表明,分离到的病原菌株与 GenBank 公布的 A．alternata 的 ITS 区序列一致性达到99％～100％。根据 Alternaria 属菌株（A．alternata、A．tenuis、A．tenuissima）和麦类根腐离蠕孢菌（Bipolaris sorokiniana ）的 ITS 序列比对结果,设计出1对 A．alternata 特异性引物 Aa1F/Aa1R。利用多种河南省小麦的主要病原真菌对该引物的特异性进行验证,只有在 A．alternata 中能特异性地扩增出1条443 bp 的 DNA 片段。以真菌通用引物 ITS1/ITS4为外侧引物、特异性引物Aa1F/Aa1R 为内侧引物进行巢式 PCR 扩增,能检测到 A．alternata DNA 的最低质量浓度为50 pg/μL。因此,建立的巢式 PCR 方法能够快速、特异地检测小麦中的 A．alternata。     

芸苔链格孢菌毒素对白菜细胞膜透性、SOD酶和POD酶活性的影响

 本文以白菜幼苗为材料,研究了芸苔链格孢菌毒素(AB-毒素)对白菜叶片细胞膜透性及叶片内SOD酶、POD酶活性变化的影响。结果表明,白菜叶片用AB-毒素处理后,细胞膜透性增大,且随处理时间的延长和毒素浓度的增加而增高。不同白菜品种用毒素处理后膜透性的改变与病菌接种的发病程度呈正相关,即电导率大的白菜品种,叶片发病也重。试验结果还发现,芸苔链格孢菌及其毒素处理白菜后,体内SOD酶和POD酶活性的变化基本趋于一致,即处理后12 h内急剧下降,然后(12~48 h)活性上升。而对照处理基本变化不大。可见,芸苔链格孢菌毒素表现了与其病原菌一致的致病作用。     

Molecular genetic characterisation of the Asc locus of tomato conferring resistance to the fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici

The Alternaria stem canker disease of tomato is caused by the fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici and its host-selective AAL-toxins. Resistance to the pathogen and insensitivity to the toxins are conferred by the Asc locus on chromosome 3L. Sensitivity to AAL-toxins is a relative character; the toxins inhibit development of all tested tomato tissues but susceptible cultivars are much more sensitive than resistant cultivars. In addition to tomato, some other plant and animal species are sensitive to the toxins as well. The likely mode of action of AAL-toxins is interference with sphingolipid biosynthesis by specific inhibition of ceramide synthase activity. To molecularly isolate Asc, transposon tagging and positional cloning strategies are applied. As a first step, transposon insertions and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers are identified in proximity of the Asc locus. Subsequently, the transposons are used to inactivate Asc by insertion mutagenesis, and the RFLP markers are used to identify yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) with tomato DNA inserts. Once an Asc-insertion mutant and/or a YAC encompassing Asc has been obtained, physical isolation and characterisation of Asc will be conceivable. Elucidation of the molecular role of Asc will illuminate the specificity of host recognition by Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici.Abbreviations AAL-toxin Alternaria alternata lycopersici-toxin - A. a. lycopersici Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici - Asc Alternaria stem canker - HST host-selective toxin     

Inheritance of resistance to early blight disease in a diploid potato population

Early blight disease, caused by Alternaria solani Sorauer, is a serious disease of potato foliage and tubers that occurs in most potato‐growing regions world‐wide. Developing new potato cultivars with resistance to early blight may reduce losses in the field and in storage, and lessen the need for fungicide applications. A total of 280 clones, derived from 72 maternal half‐sib families from a diploid random‐mated hybrid population of Solarium phureja×Solarium stenotomum were examined for resistance to early blight. The clones that were evaluated in a replicated field trial for 2 years in Pennsylvania, USA, had similar early blight intensity both years. Significant differences were found among families, within families and for the interaction of years × within families. Broad‐sense heritability for resistance, measured as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), was estimated as 0.73, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.65‐0.78, and narrow‐sense heritability was estimated as 0.61 ± 0.29 (P = 0.05). The correlation of AUDPC for early blight between years was 0.57 (P < 0.0001). These results suggest that this diploid population is worthy of use in breeding for early blight resistance.     

苹果斑点落叶病研究

对北京地区苹果斑点落叶病研究得出,病原菌Alternaria mali Roberts强毒菌系是苹果斑点落叶病严重发生的主要原因.各果园病原菌强毒菌系发生率和致病性有差异.室内毒力测定和田间药剂防治试验结果表明,50%扑海因、70%代森锰锌、1.5%多抗霉素和10%宝丽安均有很好的抑菌效果.多抗霉素和宝丽安加入1%硼酸可以显著提高药效,并且硼酸本身对菌落生长有一定抑制作用.提出“重点保护春梢叶片,兼顾秋梢叶片”的防病原则.     

Susceptibility of oat cultivars to groat discoloration: causes and remedies

Fungal isolations and fungicide efficacy trials were carried out to determine the possible causes of discoloration in oat groats and potential control measures. Alternaria species and Microdochium nivale were isolated from field samples, and Fusarium poae was found in glasshouse tests. Symptoms could be induced reliably in the field through the use of a mist irrigation system. The cultivar ‘Gerald’ was most resistant followed by ‘Jalna’. Cultivar ‘Image’ was most severely affected by discoloration and ‘Millennium’ was of intermediate susceptibility. None of the 28 fungicide‐timing combinations used in the field trials affected the occurrence of discoloured groats. It was concluded that the best strategy for minimizing risk of discoloured groats would be screening new cultivars or breeding material in mist‐irrigated field trials for genetically based resistance.