非洲鸵鸟皮肤抗菌肽对雏鸡肠道黏膜结构的影响

研究了非洲鸵鸟皮肤抗菌肤对海蓝白商品雏鸡肠道黏膜结构的影响.选取50只1日龄健康的海蓝白商品雏鸡,随机平均分为2组:试验组(T组)饮水中加入质量浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)的非洲鸵鸟皮肤抗菌肽提取物,对照组(C组)饮水中不添加,分别于1,4,7,10,17日龄取材,制作组织切片,显微成像系统测定十二指肠和空肠的绒毛长度、隐窝深度和肌层厚度,盲肠的隐窝深度、皱襞高度和肌层厚度.结果表明,T组雏鸡的各项指标均高于C组,且4日龄时T组雏鸡十二指肠绒毛长度与C组相比差异极显著(P<0.01);10日龄时T组雏鸡空肠隐窝深度与C组相比差异显著(P<0.05);10日龄时T组雏鸡盲肠隐窝深度与C组相比差异极显著(P<0.01).     

一种新的对数能量谱熵语音端点检测方法

将一种新的对数能量(LE)特征和谱熵(SE)特征相结合,提出一种新的对数能量谱熵(LESE)特征,采用模糊C均值聚类算法和贝叶斯信息准则算法进行LESE特征门限估计,并使用双门限法进行语音端点检测.在TIMIT连续语音库上的实验结果表明,相比于能量谱熵(EE)法和对数能量(LE)法,在噪声环境下LESE法具有更好的检测性能,表现出更好的稳健性.当信噪比为-5 dB时,LESE法的检测错误率仅为18.02%,在信噪比为0~10 dB时,其检测错误率要明显低于EE法和LE法.     

不同砧穗组合对AP番荔枝生长及生理指标的影响

以5年生的3种不同砧穗组合的AP番荔枝嫁接树为材料,比较普通组合与牛心/山刺、秘鲁/圆滑2个组合处理对AP番荔枝的生长与结果、产量及品质、叶片矿质营养、光合色素及抗氧化酶类活性的影响.结果表明:2种处理生长势均比对照弱,但秘鲁/圆滑组合的新梢生长量显著高于对照;2种处理的产量均比对照低,但秘鲁/圆滑组合的单果重、Vc含量显著高于对照.2种处理的Ca含量极显著高于对照,秘鲁/圆滑组合的Mg含量极显著高于对照,但是2种处理的N、P、K含量却极显著低于对照.牛心/山刺组合的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素(a+b)都显著低于对照,类胡萝卜素极显著低于对照,秘鲁/圆滑组合与对照没有显著差异.2种处理的叶片抗氧化酶类活性与对照没有显著差异,但是秘鲁/圆滑组合的根系POD活性显著高于对照,牛心/山刺组合的根系POD活性显著低于对照,其它抗氧化酶类活性与对照没有显著差异.     

世界原木贸易的微观贸易模式及社区结构分析

文中运用块模型和模体发现算法对世界原木网络中的微观贸易模式和社区结构进行了分析。研究结果表明:世界木材微观贸易模式以半闭合结构为主,分别为同一节点具有2个发出或接受关系以及1个节点同时存在接受和发出关系;通过子图组合机制检验了贸易网络中局部结构是否存在高集聚性和“中间人”效应,发现世界原木局部网络结构集聚性低,但存在“中间人”效应;根据块模型的位置信息,可将世界原木网络划分为主溢出板块、主受益板块、经纪人板块和孤立板块。     

基于Web日志和协同过滤算法的水产养殖信息推荐

随着水产养殖信息在互联网和物联网中快速增长,大部分信息成为死信息储存于互联网中各个角落,未得到有效利用。为了从众多资源候选中选择用户需要的资源推送给用户,该文构建了一个基于Web日志的水产养殖推荐系统。该系统通过用户兴趣调查获取用户初始倾向,并运用Web日志挖掘技术构建了潜在的用户兴趣模型,将用户个性化的信息通过基于项目的协同过滤算法整合至推荐系统。基于用户的推送系统实现根据用户的需求精确推荐水产品交易、养殖技术、政府优惠政策和物联网数据等信息。     

Forests,people and environment: some African perspectives§

Forests in Africa support the livelihoods of millions of people through provision of timber and non-timber forest products, food and nutrition, energy and payment of environmental services. However, mismanagement of forests has resulted in deforestation and forest degradation, thereby contributing to the increased emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This special issue highlights some of the research outcomes presented at a pre-congress workshop organised by the African Forest Forum and partners at the 2015 World Forestry Congress. In this issue, the main drivers of land degradation are highlighted vis-à-vis population growth, agricultural expansion, climate variability, drought and energy needs. Promising traditional management practices are identified including age-old farmer-managed natural regeneration and exclosures. In addition, research presented indicates that age-old systems such as native non-browse shrubs in Ethiopia are important in that they facilitate regeneration of late-successional tree species. Furthermore, opportunities for using forests to mitigate climate change are highlighted with a case study on the economics associated with carbon markets. The issue also highlights the methodological challenges of quantifying carbon in African forests. The effect of climate change on threatened forest species and biodiversity in general is discussed, and the associated human disturbances impacting on the population structure of a threatened species, e.g. Afzelia africana in West Africa, is presented. The important role of non-timber forest products in income generation for the rural communities and the associated challenges of commercialisation is emphasised with examples from two important tree species: shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) and baobab (Adansonia digitata). Finally, the issue covers a people-centred approach in tree planting and management where studies demonstrated that there are still problems of poor participation of local communities due to poor implementation of enabling policies, lack of involvement in initial planning and subsequent lack of clear benefit-sharing mechanisms.     

Evaluation of biological activities of extracts from 22 African tropical wood species

Heartwoods of 22 African tropical wood species were extracted with methanol and the contents of total phenolic compounds in these extracts were measured. Three bioassays were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and antifungal activity of the methanol extracts. The results indicated that the extracts from 13 species exhibited high antioxidant potential, and their inhibitory concentrations that caused 50% scavenging of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (IC₅₀) were less than 10 μg/ml. The crude extract from Cylicodiscus gabunensis showed the highest antioxidant activity, and was even higher than that of (+)-catechin, which is known as a potent antioxidant. There was a good correlation between the antioxidant activity and the content of total phenolic compounds, indicating that phenolic compounds played a predominant role in the antioxidant property of the wood extracts. Among all 22 species, only 1 species, Milicia excelsa, contained extractives that showed very high tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The extracts from 9 species showed high antifungal activity. No consistent relationship was observed between the tyrosinase inhibitory activity or antifungal activity and the content of total phenolics in the extracts. Part of this article was presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Akita, August 2006     

原木等级及径级对规格材质量及出材率的影响

选用不同径级和质量等级的兴安落叶松原木,采用毛板下锯法和四面下锯法加工规格材,并检测分析了不同等级规格材的出材率。结果表明,原木径级在26～28cm时,规格材出材率较高;原木的等级与径级,及下锯法与原木径级交互因素,对规格材的出材率有显著的影响。要提高规格材出材率,应根据规格材尺寸优化匹配各因素。     

桦原木露天存贮防腐新技术在林区的推广应用

针对林区桦原木露天存贮易腐巧变性问题进行试验研究，最终选出了最佳防腐剂类型，最佳施药环境及方案，从而解决了困扰林区多年的桦原木露天存贮问题。     

The response of elephants to the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation in a Southern African agricultural landscape

Based on the agricultural landscape of the Sebungwe in Zimbabwe, we investigated whether and how the spatial distribution of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) responded to spatial heterogeneity of vegetation cover based on data of the early 1980s and early 1990s. We also investigated whether and how elephant distribution responded to changes in spatial heterogeneity between the early 1980s and early 1990s. Vegetation cover was estimated from a normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI). Spatial heterogeneity was estimated from a new approach based on the intensity (i.e., the maximum variance exhibited when a spatially distributed landscape property such as vegetation cover is measured with a successively increasing window size or scale) and dominant scale (i.e., the scale or window size at which the intensity is displayed). We used a variogram to quantify the dominant scale (i.e., range) and intensity (i.e., sill) of NDVI based congruent windows (i.e., 3.84 km × 3.84 km in a 61 km × 61 km landscape). The results indicated that elephants consistently responded to the dominant scale of spatial heterogeneity in a unimodal fashion with the peak elephant presence occurring in environments with dominant scales of spatial heterogeneity of around 457–734 m. Both the intensity and dominant scale of spatial heterogeneity predicted 65 and 68% of the variance in elephant presence in the early 1980s and in the early 1990s respectively. Also, changes in the intensity and dominant scale of spatial heterogeneity predicted 61% of the variance in the change in elephant distribution. The results imply that management decisions must take into consideration the influence of the levels of spatial heterogeneity on elephants in order to ensure elephant persistence in agricultural landscapes.