根结线虫生防真菌交枝顶孢原生质体的制备与再生体系构建

本研究以根结线虫生防真菌交枝顶孢Acremonium implicatum为供试菌株, 探究了菌龄?降解酶种类?酶解温度和时间?不同渗透压稳定剂?不同pH等因素对其原生质体制备的影响, 并建立了交枝顶孢原生质体制备体系; 制备的原生质体在SR培养基上再生率达到17.78%?此外, GFP遗传转化菌株的获得充分表明制备的原生质体可作为后续遗传转化材料, 为进一步研究交枝顶孢对根结线虫的生防机理奠定基础?     

Genetic Diversity in Tall Fescue Ecotypes from Alabama I. Maturity, Morphological Traits, and Disease Reaction

There is a large hectarage of tall fescue in Alabama. Recognition of the deleterious effects of the endophytic fungus Acremonium coenophialum has resulted in substantial acceptance of new endophyte-free cultivars. Destruction of old pastures and the concomitant loss of potentially valuable adapted germplasm could be a valid cause for concern. The objectives of this study were to evaluate genetic variation for maturity and plant morphological traits, both among and within tall fescue cv. ‘Kentucky 31’ populations from 18 to 38 year-old pastures in Alabama. Ten populations of approximately 50 plants each were collected from old Alabama tall fescue pastures. Two pastures were sampled in each of five counties, representing the five major land use areas of the state. In 1990, spaced plants of all populations were evaluated at heading time for maturity, morphological, and disease traits at two locations in central Alabama. Endophyte infection level of the populations ranged from 2 to 100 %. Maturity was highly correlated with tiller length and flag leaf width and was used as a covariate for these traits in the analysis of variance. Leaf rust and net blotch ratings were negatively correlated. Significant variation among populations was observed for maturity and flag leaf dimensions, most variation being due to differences among source counties. Significant variation was observed within all populations for maturity and morphological traits, but only in seven populations for leaf rust. No within-population variation was detected for net blotch. The average precipitation for the month of May explained 81 % of the variation among populations for maturity. Age of the pasture sampled had a significant effect on tiller diameter (r²= 0.55), and latitude of the pasture sampled was the best individual predictor of leaf width (r²= 0.42). This study reveals that considerable genetic diversity, largely influenced by climatic conditions, exists among ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue ecotypes from Alabama.     

Phosphate Solubilization by Several Genera of Saprophytic Fungi and Its Influence on Corn and Cowpea Growth

The aim of this study was to test the ability of several strains of fungi, which were isolated from the Brazilian Amazon, to solubilize calcium phosphate in vitro and to promote corn and cowpea growth under axenic conditions. Each plant species received six treatments: inoculation with strains with high solubilization index (SI) (Haematonectria ipomoeae CML 3249 and Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulate CML 3250) and control treatments: inoculation with strain that does not solubilize phosphate on Pikovskaya agar (PVK) (Acremonium polychromum FSA115), and non-inoculated treatments with high concentration of insoluble phosphate (HPins), high concentration of soluble phosphate (HPs) or low concentration of soluble phosphate (LPs). The fungi strains had SI between 1.07 cm and 2.03 cm including species without previous report in the literature of their capacity to solubilize calcium phosphate. The two phosphate-solubilizing strains promoted greater corn and cowpea root growth than the controls FSA115, HPins and LPs, to a level similar to the HPs control.     

菌核生枝顶孢霉次生代谢物对桃褐斑致病菌的抑制效果

菌核生枝顶孢霉(Acremoniumsclerotigenum)作为枝顶孢属真菌的优势种,其次生代谢产物多样。为了明确其对植物病害致病菌的抑制效果,以桃褐斑致病菌(Alternariaalternata)为靶标菌,采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定6种发酵液的抑菌活性。结果表明:PD培养基发酵液提取物对桃褐斑致病菌的抑制效果最好,对菌丝生长和孢子萌发的EC50分别为53.6734mg/L和808.1584mg/L;培养5d的PD培养基发酵液的抑菌效果最好,对菌丝生长和孢子萌发的EC50分别为1.4458mg/L和309.6318mg/L;菌核生枝顶孢霉发酵液对桃褐斑致病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果优于对孢子萌发效果。该研究结果为将其开发成生物源农药奠定了理论基础。     

Cyclopeptide Derivatives from the Sponge-Derived Fungus Acremonium persicinum F10

Cyclopeptides usually play a pivotal role, either in the viability or virulence of fungi. Two types of cyclopeptides, six new hydroxamate siderophore cyclohexapeptides (1–6), including acremonpeptides E and F, and their complexes with aluminum and ferric ions; one new cyclic pentapeptolide, aselacin D (9); together with a known compound, aselacin C (10), were isolated and characterized from the sponge-derived fungus Acremonium persicinum F10. In addition, two new siderophore analogues chelating gallium ions (Ga³⁺), Ga (III)-acremonpeptide E (7) and Ga (III)-acremonpeptide F (8), using isolated acremonpeptides E and F, were prepared. The planar structures of 1–10 were elucidated by HRESIMS and (1D and 2D) NMR. The absolute configurations of amino acids were determined by means of the advanced Marfey’s method and X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer was performed to disclose the elements of compound 1, indicating the existence of aluminum (Al). Al (III)-acremonpeptides E (1), Ga (III)-acremonpeptides E (5), Al (III)-acremonpeptide F (7), and Ga (III)-acremonpeptide F (8) displayed high in vitro anti-fungal activities, which are comparable to amphotericin B, against Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger.     

常用杀螨剂与顶孢霉Ahy1菌株的相容性及协同作用

为了筛选与顶孢霉菌株相容的化学杀螨剂,本文采用孢子萌发法和菌丝生长速率法,测定了哒螨灵、虫螨腈和螺螨酯对顶孢霉孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响及协同效应。结果表明:哒螨灵、甲氰菊酯、四螨嗪、氟虫脲、螺螨酯、虫螨腈、螺虫乙酯在不同浓度下对顶孢霉孢子萌发和菌丝生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,哒螨灵、虫螨腈、螺螨酯与顶孢霉混用对二斑叶螨有一定的协同作用。哒螨灵、虫螨腈、螺螨酯在高浓度下(25μg/mL、0.83μg/mL、60μg/mL),对顶孢霉孢子萌发的抑制率分别为27.67%、27.83%和29.22%,对菌丝生长抑制率分别为20%、18%和18%,抑制作用较低,有较好的相容性;25μg/mL哒螨灵、0.83μg/mL虫螨腈、60μg/mL螺螨酯与含孢量为1×106个/mL顶孢霉复配处理二斑叶螨11d,对二斑叶螨的致死效果明显大于单用顶孢霉的处理,3种药剂与顶孢霉复配剂对二斑叶螨的半数致死时间(LT50)分别为5.38、5.41、5.79d,较单用半数致死时间缩短了4.19、4.16、3.78d,提高了顶孢霉的杀螨速度。     

交枝顶孢霉杀柑橘全爪螨活性及其生物学特性研究

为了明确交枝顶孢霉Acremonium implicatum CQBBW8的杀螨活性及其生物学特性,采用触杀毒力法检测CQBBW8菌株对柑橘全爪螨的致死率,通过单因素试验测试不同培养基、碳源、氮源、温度、pH及紫外线对CQBBW8菌株生长、产孢及其分生孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,CQBBW8菌株对柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)的校正致死率为54.42%,LC_(50)为1.2×10~6个/mL,LT_(50)值为5.175 9d。最佳生长和产孢培养基分别为PDA和SEA;菌丝生长最适碳源和氮源为甘露醇和蛋白胨,产孢最适碳源和氮源为可溶性淀粉和氯化铵;最适生长温度为25℃,最适产孢和分生孢子萌发温度为30℃;最适生长和产孢pH为6.0,最适萌发pH为7.0;紫外线对菌丝生长影响不明显,对产孢影响较大,紫外线照射时间越长,孢子萌发率越高。综上,CQBBW8菌株对柑橘全爪螨有较强的毒力,对营养需求不高,环境适应性较强,具有开发为杀螨真菌制剂的潜力。     

Acremonium strictum pulmonary infection in a horse

A 10-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was admitted to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of California-Davis with a 2-week history of intermittent fever and acute onset of lethargy, anorexia, and ataxia. Although the clinical signs were nonspecific, the results of initial hematologic and biochemical analysis were consistent with a chronic inflammatory process. Thoracic radiographs revealed an increased fine reticulonodular interstitial opacity throughout the dorsal caudal lung fields. Cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid showed mixed inflammation with many mononuclear phagocytes containing single, spherical, intracytoplasmic fungal organisms. Four mold species were cultured in low numbers from the BAL fluid. One of the fungal elements observed on the culture plates was identified as Acremonium strictum by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A diagnosis of fungal pneumonia due to A strictum was made based on the results of thoracic imaging, cytologic evaluation, culture, and PCR testing. The horse made an uneventful recovery with supportive treatment and was disease-free based on normal physical, radiographic, and cytologic findings at 21 days after presentation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of A strictum from the BAL fluid of a horse with interstitial pneumonia.     

地顶孢霉培养物对大鼠生长性能、血清与肝脏抗氧化及免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究地顶孢霉培养物对大鼠生长性能、血清与肝脏抗氧化以及免疫指标的影响。选用体重相近的SD大鼠40只,随机分成5组,每组8个重复,每个重复1只大鼠。5组分别是对照组和4个不同地顶孢霉培养物剂量组(10、50、250和1 250 mg/kg BW组),连续灌胃21 d。结果表明:地顶孢霉培养物极显著提高大鼠的平均日增重(P0.01);提高了大鼠肝脏指数、胸腺指数;提高了大鼠血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)和葡萄糖(GLU)含量,降低了谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活力和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量;提高了血清和肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,同时提高了肝脏中的总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)含量;提高了血清免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白G和免疫球蛋白M含量,同时提高血清和肝脏中白介素-4(IL-4)含量,降低白介素-1β(IL-1β)和白介素-17(IL-17)含量。综合各项指标,地顶孢霉培养物能够提高SD大鼠平均日增重,改善血清生化指标,提高大鼠机体抗氧化能力和免疫能力,其中以250 mg/kg BW的添加量为最佳。     

顶孢霉菌对小菜蛾的毒力及体内保护酶活力的影响

采用浸渍法和酶活力测定方法研究了顶孢霉菌对小菜蛾的毒力及对小菜蛾体内蛋白质含量和保护酶活力的影响.结果表明:在接种后的第5d,顶孢霉菌对小菜蛾的致死中浓度(LC50)为5.32×106个.mL-1,其毒力回归方程为y=2.66+0.35x;顶孢霉菌侵染3龄小菜蛾后,处理组蛋白质含量降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)3种保护酶活性下降,处理组前期,3种保护酶活性与对照差异不明显,但后期处理组酶活性明显低于对照.处理组由于顶孢霉菌的侵染,导致小菜蛾有机体丧失免疫能力,SOD、POD和CAT活性下降,并随着时间延长,保护酶活力下降愈明显.