丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对沙棘抗旱性的影响

采用组织化学技术研究了水分胁迫条件下丛枝菌根真菌中碱性磷酸酶活性对宿主沙棘抗旱性的影响。结果表明,菌根内总菌丝量＞功能菌丝量＞活性菌丝量,总菌丝和功能菌丝是活性菌丝的基础,对宿主生物量积累起重要作用的是活性菌丝;具有磷酸酶活性的菌丝对沙棘生长和抗旱作用最强,随着碱性磷酸酶活性的提高,宿主林木鲜重增加,萎蔫系数降低。活性菌丝通过直接参与宿主林木磷素营养物质的交换,改善林木养分和水分状况,提高林木抗旱性。     

三角帆蚌不同蚌龄外套膜细胞的增殖能力及其矿化功能

研究了淡水珍珠贝——三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)在不同蚌龄下外套膜组织的细胞增殖及生物矿化相关因子活性。选择5组不同蚌龄三角帆蚌(0.5龄、1龄、2龄、3龄、4龄),通过流式细胞技术分析了外套膜细胞的增殖指数(proliferation index,PrI)和胞内Ca~(2+)浓度,并应用实时荧光定量PCR检测了与生物矿化相关的碳酸酐酶(carbonic anhydrase, CA)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)基因的表达并测定其酶活性。结果表明, 2龄蚌的外套膜细胞PrI及胞内Ca~(2+)浓度显著高于其他蚌龄(P0.05);生物矿化相关基因在不同蚌龄的外套膜组织中表达量不同, 1龄三角帆蚌CA基因表达量和CA酶活性最高(P0.05), ALP基因表达量和ALP酶活在0.5龄三角帆蚌中显著高于其他蚌龄(P0.05)。本研究旨为深入探讨三角帆蚌外套膜细胞增殖能力及人工育珠过程中供体蚌的选择奠定基础。     

Food consumption, utilization, and detoxification enzyme activity of the rice leaffolder larvae after treatment with Dysoxylum triterpenes

The toxicity and physiological (enzyme and nutritional indices) effect of Dysoxylum triterpenes 3β,24,25-trihydroxycycloartane and beddomei lactone were evaluated on the rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée). The LC₅₀ [6.66 ppm (SD = 0.31), 5.79 ppm (SD = 0.33) for 3β,24,25-DHCL and BL, respectively] and LC ₉₀ [14.63 ppm (SD = 0.36), 13.49 ppm (SD = 0.27) for 3β,24,25-DHCL and BL, respectively] were identified by probit analysis. Fourth instars were exposed to various concentrations (1.5, 3, 6, and 12 ppm) of Dysoxylum triterpenes. Results showed that treated larvae exhibited reduced food consumption and enzyme activity. Food consumption, digestion, relative consumption rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food, efficiency of conversion of digested food, and relative growth rate values declined significantly but the approximate digestibility of treated larvae was significantly higher as a result of treatment (in particular 6 and 12 ppm). Likewise, the gut enzymes acid phosphatases, alkaline phosphatases, and adenosine triphosphatases were significantly inhibited by the Dysoxylum triterpenes. The high biological activity of these triterpenes from Dysoxylum sp. could be used as an active principle during the preparation of botanical insecticides for insect pest like rice leaffolder.     

Hepatoprotective effects of polyprenols from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

The hepatoprotective effects of polyprenols from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves were evaluated against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in Sprague-Dawley rats. The elevated levels of serum ALT, AST, ALP, ALB, TP, HA, LN, TG, and CHO were restored towards normalization significantly by GBP in a dose dependent manner. The biochemical observations were supplemented with histopathological examination of rat liver sections. Meanwhile, GBP also produced a significant and dose-dependent reversal of CCl₄-diminished activity of the antioxidant enzymes and reduced CCl₄-elevated level of MDA. In general, the effects of GBP were not significantly different from those of the standard drug Essentiale.     

Evaluation of the efficacy of vitamin D3 or its metabolites on thiram-induced tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens

Two trials were conducted to determine if thiram-induced tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) in chickens was linked to a vitamin D deficiency and calcium homeostasis dysregulation, and whether feeding vitamin D fortified diets may prevent it. Day-old chickens were given grower diets containing different vitamin D products throughout the experiment until necropsy on day 16. Half of the birds in each feed group received thiram at levels of 100 ppm (trial 1) or 50 ppm (trial 2) between days 7-9 to induce TD. The birds were weighed, bled, and euthanized to determine TD incidences and severity by examining the growth plates. Tibial bones were used to measure biomechanical strength and ash content. Blood concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, Ca, P, alkaline phosphatase, and creatine kinase were measured in serum that showed no differences between different groups. Thiram reduced body weight and induced TD regardless of any vitamin D treatment to the same extent as untreated birds.     

扇贝血细胞胞内酶活性的细胞学观察

分别对海湾扇贝、虾夷扇贝、栉孔扇贝的3种血细胞胞内酶：碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、过氧化物酶(POD)、酚氧化酶(PO)进行了免疫细胞化学研究,并对血细胞酶反应阳性率作了统计。结果表明,3种扇贝血细胞ALP阳性率相差不大,海湾扇贝为46．6％,虾夷扇贝为42．4％,栉孔扇贝为36．8％;3种扇贝血细胞POD阳性率相差较大,栉孔扇贝阳性率高达50．2％,海湾扇贝为44．2％,虾夷扇贝仅为17．2％。3种扇贝血细胞PO孵育反应后,由于海湾扇贝、虾夷扇贝PO反应活性很低,瑞氏染液复染后,无法区分阴性、阳性细胞。实验中仅对栉孔扇贝PO阳性率进行了统计,栉孔扇贝血细胞PO阳性率为39．3％。     

Comparison of measurements of canine plasma glucose, creatinine, urea, total proteins, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase obtained with the APOLOWAKO and Vitros 250 analyzers

The APOLOWAKO is an entirely automatic benchtop biochemistry analyzer that uses stabilized liquid reagents. It was tested for canine blood and plasma glucose, creatinine, urea, total proteins, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. The APOLOWAKO gave very similar results for whole blood and the corresponding plasma (n=32). Within-laboratory imprecision was below 2.2% and 5.8% for substrates and enzymes, respectively. Comparison of results with whole blood by APOLOWAKO and with the corresponding plasma by Vitros 250 (n=139) showed very good correlations. Passing-Bablok's regression slopes ranged from 0.83 to 1.12 and intercepts were close to zero, except for ALP where the results obtained by APOLOWAKO were approximately 1.5 times higher than by Vitros. The APOLOWAKO system can be a reliable instrument in veterinary practices where larger systems are not available but it should be further validated and reference intervals should be determined.     

维生素A过量对肉鸡早期骨骼钙磷代谢的影响

试验通过研究维生素A过量对肉鸡早期骨形成生化指标及组织中碱性磷酸酶（ALP）和骨钙素（BGP）基因表达的影响,旨在为深入研究日粮维生素A过量对肉鸡骨骼钙磷代谢产生负面影响的机理提供理论基础。采用完全随机试验设计,将450只1日龄健康爱拔益加（AA）肉鸡（公母各半）称重后随机等分为5个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。各处理组日粮分别在基础日粮中添加3 000、6 000、15 000、30 000和60 000 IU/kg维生素A。试验期28 d,分别于试验第14、28天从每个重复中随机抽取1只鸡,翅静脉采血制备血清后随即宰杀,在冰浴上迅速分离右侧肝脏、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、胫骨组织,-80℃保存备用。试验结果表明,随日粮维生素A添加剂量的升高,肉鸡血清BGP浓度、ALP活性和骨特异性碱性磷酸酶（BAP）活性及胫骨、肝脏及小肠组织中ALP、BGP mRNA相对表达量均呈显著（P<0.05）或趋于显著的一次线性或一元二次（P<0.10）降低,通过回归分析得出：维生素A水平在42 766~47 185 IU/kg时,肉鸡14 d胫骨和肝脏ALP mRNA相对表达量、肝脏BGP mRNA相对表达量,28 d的血清ALP活性及肝脏ALP mRNA相对表达量、胫骨和回肠的BGP mRNA相对表达量最低。综合试验结果,维生素A线性降低了肉鸡早期血清BAP活性;日粮维生素A以剂量依赖模式影响肉鸡早期血清BGP浓度、ALP活性及其在组织中的基因表达,42 766~47 185 IU/kg维生素A对上述指标的降低作用较大,提示日粮维生素A过量可抑制肉鸡早期骨形成相关生化指标的活性,并下调胫骨、肝脏及小肠组织中ALP、BGP mRNA的相对表达量。     

微囊藻毒素在铜锈环棱螺肝组织中的累积降解及对3种酶活性的影响

把铜锈环棱螺（Bellamya aeruginosa）暴露于不同浓度的有毒微囊藻藻液中（对照组：只投喂四尾栅藻（Scenedes musquadricanda）;混合藻组：50％四尾栅藻＋50％铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aerugirtosa）;蓝藻组：只投喂铜绿微囊藻）,用酶联免疫检测法（Enzyme—linked immuno sorbentassay,ELISA）检测藻液和肝组织中藻毒素浓度,藻液中包括藻相和水相的总微囊藻毒素（MC）浓度分别为：对照组0ug·L^-1;混合藻组（14．47±1．22）ug·L^-1;蓝藻组（29．47±2．43）ug·L^-1。螺在两种不同毒素浓度藻液中暴露15d后再移人四尾栅藻藻液中降解15d。结果表明,暴露期间,混合藻组、蓝藻组螺肝组织中MC含量均为先增加后减少,再增加,且同期混合藻组MC含量都明显高于蓝藻组;作为机体代谢生物标志物的酸性磷酸酶（ACP）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性随MC浓度及其暴露时间发生相应变化;作为解毒生物标志物的谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GST）活性在混合藻组先被诱导后被抑制,在蓝藻组初期变化不明显后表现为诱导。在15d降解过程中,混合藻组和蓝藻组MC含量均持续下降;机体生物标志物ACP、AIJP和GST活性表现为不同程度的降低。本试验结果为ACP、ALP和GST活性作为MC胁迫的生物标志物提供了一些依据。     

几种玉米大田除草剂对AM真菌侵染及其酶活性的影响

在接种G intraradices和G etunicatum的玉米植株盆栽钵中 ,按大田常规用量 ,施用乙草胺、丁草胺、灵达、骠马、百草敌和使它隆 6种除草剂 ,对玉米植株的生物量、AM真菌菌丝根段侵染率、菌丝碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)和琥珀酸脱氢酶 (SDH)活性及土壤中AM真菌菌丝的总量均有显著影响。第 1 0周取样 ,对玉米植株生物量影响较大的除草剂为骠马 (植株生物量为 2 1 1～ 31 3g) ,影响较小的为灵达 (植株生物量为 5 9 7～ 6 5 5g) ,而对照的生物量为 84 4～ 95 7g ;对AM真菌侵染率影响较大的为丁草胺 (AM真菌侵染率为 1 3 7%～1 8 1 %) ,影响较少的为使它隆 (AM真菌侵染率为 30 4 %～ 36 6 %) ,而对照侵染率为 6 3 0 %～ 88 2 %;对AM真菌菌丝ALP和SDH酶活性影响较大的为丁草胺 (ALP为 8 1 %～ 1 0 4 %,SDH为 1 0 6 %～ 1 4 6 %) ,影响较小的为使它隆 (ALP为 1 7 0 %～ 2 0 6 %,SDH为 2 3 1 %～ 2 8 2 %) ,而对照的ALP为 38 0 %～ 5 0 3%,SDH为4 9 7%～ 72 4 %;此外 ,除草剂对土壤中AM真菌菌丝的总量也有显著影响。