酵母培养物对反刍动物作用的研究进展

本文就直接饲喂微生物——酵母培养物的概念,现阶段酵母培养物对反刍动物瘤胃环境作用的生理生化基础的相关研究进展,以及几种对酵母培养基的作用机理解释。另外又对酵母培养物对反刍动物作用效果及影响酵母培养物的因素等5个方面进行了概述。     

茬次和一天内不同收获时间对紫花苜蓿青贮发酵质量和体外发酵参数的影响

为了研究茬次和一天内不同收获时间对紫花苜蓿青贮饲料品质的影响,并进一步评价其饲用价值,本试验采用双因素设计,两茬紫花苜蓿于现蕾期同一天08：00（AM）,13：00（M）和18：00（PM）刈割并调制青贮饲料,室温下保存45 d后,取样分析并采用体外发酵法评价其饲用价值。结果表明,第1茬紫花苜蓿青贮饲料的相对饲喂价值（relative feed value,RFV）,干物质体外消化率（in vitro dry matter digestibility,IVDMD）及体外发酵挥发性脂肪酸（volatile fatty acids,VFA）、产气量均显著高于第2茬（P<0.05）。下午收获的紫花苜蓿青贮饲料有更高的干物质（dry matter,DM）含量及IVDMD （P<0.05）。因此,在实践生产中,要抓好第1茬的苜蓿生产,推迟刈割时间至中午或下午,可获得更高品质的紫花苜蓿青贮饲料。     

Microbial protein formation of different carbohydrates in vitro

The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial protein yield of different pure carbohydrates to contribute to a more precise prediction of the microbial protein formed in the rumen. In a first experiment, sucrose, wheat starch, microcrystalline cellulose and citrus pectin were incubated for 8 and 24 hr in the modified Hohenheim gas test (HGT) system (3 runs × 2 syringes) including gas production, ammonia and short‐chain fatty acid concentration measurements. Ammonia values were used for estimation of the microbial protein formation. In a second experiment, the same substrates were incubated for 96 hr in the HGT system (2 runs × 3 syringes) and gas production was measured after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 hr of incubation to obtain the fermentation kinetics and the time of half‐maximal gas production (t_1/2) of the substrates. The substrates differed considerably in their fermentation kinetics, and therefore, comparison on the basis of t_1/2 was chosen as the most meaningful. At t_1/2, microbial protein yield [g/kg dry matter] was higher for cellulose than for sucrose and pectin and higher for starch than for sucrose. The microbial protein expressed in g/L gas production was higher for starch and cellulose than for sucrose and pectin at t_1/2. Effects of carbohydrates related to ruminal pH may remain undetected in in vitro trials.     

不同粗精比底物对体外发酵pH值和发酵产物VFA的影响

本试验在四只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的徐淮山羊身上采集瘤胃液,进行体外培养研究不同粗精比底物(10∶0、8∶2、6∶4、4∶6)对培养液pH值和VFA的影响,结果表明,添加一定精料可以提高微生物的发酵水平,且当粗精比水平为8∶2与6∶4时,瘤胃发酵水平高于其它各试验组,对照组在整个培养阶段均处于最低水平。     

固态发酵复方中药防治奶牛乳房炎的效果及对生产性能的影响

本研究采用枯草芽胞杆菌和产朊假丝酵母按等比例制作固态发酵复方中药,并对复方中药发酵前后对奶牛乳房炎及生产性能的影响进行了对比分析.结果表明,与空白组相比,复方中药发酵前后均可显著降低奶牛乳房炎的发病率(P＜0.05),可提高牛奶的乳蛋白率(P＞0.05)和乳脂率(P＞0.05),可显著提高奶牛产奶量(P＜0.05),添加复方中药制剂组和发酵的复方中药制剂组的产奶量分别较空白组提高了0.72kg/d和2.64kg/d;经发酵后的复方中药制剂在降低奶牛乳房炎发病率、改善乳品质和增加产奶量等方面的效果均优于未发酵的复方中药制剂(即普通中药制剂);复方中药经发酵后,有利于提高中药的利用率及药理活性.     

不同植物油对奶牛瘤胃液、血浆中脂肪酸及乳脂中共轭亚油酸组成的影响

为改善牛奶脂肪酸构成,提高乳脂中CLA含量,研究瘤胃液、血浆和乳脂中脂肪酸的代谢规律,探寻提高乳品质的合适途径,本试验以3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的经产荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方设计,研究向日粮中添加不同植物油(即葵花油、亚麻油、菜籽油,3种日粮的粗脂肪含量基本相同)对奶牛瘤胃液、血浆中脂肪酸及乳脂中CLA的影响。结果表明:(1)日粮中添加3种不同植物油,葵花油组、亚麻油组乳脂中的CLA比例均显著高于菜籽油组(P<0.05),且以葵花油组最高;乳脂中PUFA的比例则是亚麻油组显著高于菜籽油组(P<0.05);(2)3组间血浆中C14∶0、C16∶0、C18∶0的比例差异不显著(P>0.05),菜籽油组C18∶1的比例显著高于亚麻油组和葵花油组(P<0.05),而后两组差异不显著(P>0.05),亚麻油组和葵花油组t11-C18∶1的比例与菜籽油组间差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05),亚麻油组和菜籽油组中C18∶2的比例差异显著(P<0.05);(3)采食添加不同植物油日粮后,瘤胃液中各种脂肪酸动态变化的平均值差异不显著(P>0.05)。总的趋势是随着时间的延长,饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐增加,而不饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐减少。瘤胃液中CLA的比例不同时间点均较低。由本研究可知,在优化奶牛乳脂肪酸构成提高CLA含量方面,以葵花油效果最好。     

添加三聚氰胺对高粗料日粮短期人工瘤胃发酵理化指标的影响

为研究三聚氰胺对瘤胃微生物发酵的影响,试验采集西门塔尔×鲁西黄牛瘤胃液,以高比例粗饲料为底物,采用短期人工瘤胃发酵产气装置,分析评价了不同剂量三聚氰胺(0、6、18、54、162、486 mg/kg)对氨态氮、氨基酸态氮、干物质产气量、挥发性脂肪酸、气体组分的影响。结果表明:三聚氰胺可减少高粗料日粮瘤胃发酵总挥发性脂肪酸的产生,并且有提高乙酸与丙酸比值的趋势(P>0.05)。高浓度的三聚氰胺(486 mg/kg)能显著提高氨态氮的浓度(P<0.05)。三聚氰胺的添加对干物质产气量影响不大,但可使甲烷产量提高8.0%～41.7%。综上所述,以高粗饲料日粮为发酵底物时,三聚氰胺添加对瘤胃的发酵并没有产生显著不利影响,但可提高甲烷产生量,从而降低饲料能量的转化效率。     

不同处理牛羊粪便堆积发酵试验效果比较

利用发酵菌剂对不同处理的试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组、试验Ⅳ组、试验Ⅴ组和对照组进行堆积发酵试验,在发酵过程中比较了不同试验组的温度、水分、挥发性总固体、pH、细菌群落的变化,以及对牧草籽发芽率、虫卵杀除率和总养分的影响。     

Effect of hay type on cecal and fecal microbiome and fermentation parameters in horses

The effect of hay type on the microbiome of the equine gastrointestinal tract is relatively unexplored. Our objective was to characterize the cecal and fecal microbiome of mature horses consuming alfalfa or Smooth Bromegrass (brome) hay. Six cecally cannulated horses were used in a split-plot design run as a crossover in two periods. The whole plot treatment was ad libitum access to brome or alfalfa hay fed over two 21-d acclimation periods with subplots of sampling location (cecum and rectum) and sampling hour. Each acclimation period was followed by a 24-h collection period where cecal and fecal samples were collected every 3 h for analysis of pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Fecal and cecal samples were pooled and sent to a commercial lab (MR DNA, Shallowater, TX) for the amplification of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and sequenced using Illumina HiSeq. The main effects of hay on VFA, pH, and taxonomic abundances were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of hay, hour, location, period, and all possible interactions and random effect of horse. Alpha and beta diversities were analyzed using the R Dame package. Horses fed alfalfa had greater fecal than cecal pH (P ≤ 0.05), whereas horses fed brome had greater cecal than fecal pH (P ≤ 0.05). Regardless of hay type, total VFA concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the cecum than in feces, and alfalfa resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.05) VFA concentrations than brome in both sampling locations. Alpha diversity was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in fecal compared with cecal samples. Microbial community structure within each sampling location and hay type differed from one another (P ≤ 0.05). Bacteroidetes were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the cecum compared with the rectum, regardless of hay type. Firmicutes and Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the feces compared with cecal samples of alfalfa-fed horses. In all, fermentation parameters and bacterial abundances were impacted by hay type and sampling location in the hindgut.     

一种利用气相色谱快速检测瘤胃体外发酵液中三甲胺浓度的方法

本试验旨在建立一种利用气相色谱快速检测瘤胃体外发酵液中三甲胺浓度的方法.瘤胃体外发酵试验设置2个组,对照组(n=4)和试验组(n=4),试验组每个发酵瓶中添加0.0414 g三甲胺盐酸盐,发酵24 h.采用10 mol/L氢氧化钾溶液对发酵液样品进行预处理,使用WEL-PEG20M色谱柱和氢火焰离子检测器对三甲胺进行分...