Mineral contents of the muscle tissue and the digestive gland of Octopus vulgaris during short‐term starvation

We used spectrometry to study variation in the contents of minor (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and major essential elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na and P) in the muscle tissue and digestive glands of Octopus vulgaris after 1, 2, 4 or 8 days of starvation and in fed controls. The contents of the major essential elements remained constant during 8 days of starvation. Na was the principal element found in both tissues, followed by K, P and Mg. The contents of the minor essential elements were higher in the digestive gland than in the muscle tissue, with increased contents of Fe, Mn and Zn (p < .05) during starvation, confirming the high capacity of this organ to accumulate trace minerals. In muscle tissues, B, Fe and Mn contents were lower and Cu and Zn contents higher, in starved animals than in fed animals (p < .05). Significant negative correlations between the digestive gland index and the contents of Cu, Fe and Zn suggested that the loss of weight of the digestive gland during starvation is responsible for this increase in mineral concentration. This and further information on variation in mineral content will help to optimize performance of diets formulated for the octopus.     

饥饿对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体和Ⅰ期仔蟹蜕皮和生长的影响#br#

为了给拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)苗种培育过程中饵料的合理投喂提供基础理论数据,采用投喂-饥饿和饥饿-投喂的处理方式对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体和Ⅰ期仔蟹分别开展营养储存饱和点实验(PRS)和不可恢复点实验(PNR),研究饥饿对大眼幼体和Ⅰ期仔蟹蜕皮和生长的影响。结果显示,大眼幼体的PRS实验中,投喂时间≤2 d时,大眼幼体的蜕皮率为0;投喂时间≥4 d时,大眼幼体的蜕皮率和发育时间与连续投喂组(F组)无显著性差异;但投喂4 d-饥饿组(F4S组)大眼幼体蜕皮后Ⅰ期仔蟹的增重率和个体大小均显著小于F组(P<0.05)。大眼幼体的PNR实验中,饥饿2 d时大眼幼体的存活率仅为(30.00±13.23)%。Ⅰ期仔蟹的PRS实验中,连续饥饿组(S组)Ⅰ期仔蟹的蜕皮率为0,而投喂2 d-饥饿组(F2S组)、投喂3 d-饥饿组(F3S组)和F组3组Ⅰ期仔蟹的蜕皮率均无显著性差异。投喂1 d-饥饿组(F1S组)和F2S组Ⅰ期仔蟹蜕皮后Ⅱ期仔蟹的增重率和个体大小均显著小于F组(P<0.05),且F1S组Ⅰ期仔蟹的发育时间显著延长(P<0.05)。Ⅰ期仔蟹的PNR实验中,除饥饿1 d-投喂组(S1F组)外,F组Ⅰ期仔蟹的蜕皮率显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05);各组Ⅰ期仔蟹蜕皮后Ⅱ期仔蟹的增重率与饥饿时间呈负相关,而发育时间却与饥饿时间呈正相关;饥饿时间≥2 d时,Ⅰ期仔蟹蜕皮后Ⅱ期仔蟹的个体大小明显变小。拟合分析结果显示,大眼幼体的PRS;值是3.57 d,Ⅰ期仔蟹的PRS;和PNR;值分别是0.90 d和2.01 d。研究结果表明,新蜕皮的大眼幼体必须给予充足的饵料才可确保高的存活率,大眼幼体投喂6 d后可以适当减少投喂量,短期饥饿对Ⅰ期仔蟹蜕壳和生长的影响相对较小,Ⅰ期仔蟹的耐饥饿能力强于大眼幼体。     

美国金鳟饥饿后的补偿生长试验及其补偿机制探讨

对美国金鳟在9.0℃水温下进行了不同饥饿时间处理再投喂试验。试验共进行42d。试验结果显示:饥饿7d再投喂35d其体重增量超过了对照组,具有超补偿生长能力;饥饿14d、21d再分别投喂28d、21d,其体重增量均未超过对照组,但投喂后生长速度明显快于对照组,具有部分补偿生长能力。我们分析饥饿7d组鱼是靠提高了摄食量和食物转化率共同实现超补偿生长的;饥饿14d组和饥饿21d组鱼是通过提高食物转化率实现部分补偿生长的。     

饥饿和重摄食对鲤鱼脂蛋白脂肪酶活性的影响

采用对硝基苯酚法测定正常摄食、饥饿(14 d)和重摄食(3 d)状态下鲤鱼不同组织和器官中脂肪酶及脂蛋白脂肪酶(lipoproteinlipase,LPL)的活性。结果显示:与正常摄食相比,饥饿鲤鱼肌肉、脂肪和心脏中脂肪酶比活力显著下降(P0.05),但脂肪和心脏中LPL比活力显著升高(P0.05);除脂肪中LPL外,重摄食3d的鲤鱼各组织和器官中脂肪酶和LPL比活力比正常摄食和饥饿鲤鱼均显著升高(P0.05),有明显的补偿作用。     

Effects of the prebiotic mannan‐oligosaccharide on feed deprived zebrafish: Growth and reproduction

This study was designed to investigate whether the prebiotic mannan‐oligosaccharides (MOS) can reduce the deleterious impacts of feed deprivation on growth and reproduction in zebrafish. In the growth performance experiment, juvenile fish were distributed in the following four treatments: normal‐control (NC), starved‐control (SC), normal‐prebiotic (NP) and starved‐prebiotic (SP). After 8 weeks, NP and SC fish showed the highest and lowest growth patterns, respectively among treatments. Standard length, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio did not differ significantly between NC and SP treatments. Autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were significantly higher in NP and SP than the NC and SP treatments. Feed restriction resulted in significantly lower concentrations of thyroxine. In the reproductive performance experiment, additional juveniles were fed as in the growth experiment. Crossing in the final week of the experiment resulted in successful spawning in only NP fish, which showed mature sperm and oocytes in histological examinations. The number of spermatozoa was significantly lower in the fish that experienced feed restriction; however, the oocytes of SP females were at the same maturation level to that observed in NC females. Sex‐steroids changed after both starvation and MOS supplementation where NC and SP showed no differences in the levels of testosterone and female's 17β‐estradiol. These results indicate that MOS supplemented diet reduced some side effects of feed deprivation (final weight and length, SGR, FCR and levels of LAB and T3), and suggest that supplementation of the diet with MOS may ameliorate some of the negative effects of feed deprivation in zebrafish.     

巴氏新小绥螨和尼氏真绥螨的耐饥能力及饥饿对二者捕食朱砂叶螨功能的影响

试验温度25℃条件下,室内测定我国农作物害虫的常用生物防治剂—巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes和尼氏真绥螨Euseius nicholsi Ehara et Lee的耐饥能力,以及定量分析不同饥饿程度对两种捕食螨捕食朱砂叶螨的功能反应和捕食速度的影响。研究结果表明：两种捕食螨各螨态的耐饥时间与发育历期呈显著正相关（P﹤0.05）。各螨态的阶段存活率与存活时间之间的关系均可用二次抛物线拟合。根据饥饿半致死和致死时间（T50和T95）,巴氏新小绥螨的耐饥能力明显强于尼氏真绥螨。除巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨的耐饥性存活曲线呈拱形外,两种捕食螨其它螨态的耐饥性存活曲线均呈凹形。不同饥饿程度的两种捕食螨雌成螨捕食朱砂叶螨若螨的功能反应均为HollingⅡ型,饥饿程度不能改变它们的捕食功能反应类型,但可使功能反应模型的各参数值发生较大改变。饥饿24 h的巴氏新小绥螨和尼氏真绥螨雌成螨对朱砂叶螨若螨的捕食作用主要集中在取食的前8 h阶段,而未经饥饿处理的两种捕食螨雌成螨在开始捕食的24 h内各阶段的捕食速度变化不大。因此,饥饿处理对两种捕食螨雌成螨的捕食作用有明显影响。     

周期性饥饿对鮸幼鱼肌肉中主要营养成分的影响

在水温为（22±2）℃条件下,研究了周期性饥饿对早繁鮸Miichthys miiuy幼鱼肌肉中主要营养成分的影响。试验分为6组：一直投喂（S0组）、隔日投喂（S1组）、饥饿3 d投喂3 d（S3组）、饥饿6 d投喂6 d（S6组）、饥饿9 d投喂9 d（S9组）和饥饿12 d投喂12 d（S12组）。结果表明：随着周期性饥饿时间的延长,鮸幼鱼肌肉水分的含量明显上升,各饥饿组鱼的水分与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05）;蛋白含量呈下降趋势,S1、S3组与S0组无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,S6、S9、S12组间有显著差异（P〈0.05）,且这3组与S0组之间蛋白含量均存在显著性差异（P〈0.05）;脂肪和糖类含量明显下降,除S1、S3、S6组外,其余各组间脂肪含量均具有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,而各组间糖类含量均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。鮸幼鱼肌肉中天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、亮氨酸和赖氨酸的含量均较高。经过不同时间周期性饥饿后,各试验组鱼中各种氨基酸的含量和氨基酸总量与S0组均差异显著（P〈0.05）,必需氨基酸总量呈现先下降后上升的趋势。随着饥饿时间的延长,饱和脂肪酸（SFA）显著下降（P〈0.05）,按下降的百分比计,下降趋势为C21：0〉C17：0〉C18：0〉C15：0〉C14：0〉C22：0〉C24：0〉C16：0〉C23：0;单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）呈现先下降后上升的趋势;而多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）呈现先上升后下降的趋势,按上升的百分比计,上升趋势为C18：3n-3〉C20：4n-6〉C20：5n-3〉C18：3n-6〉C22：6n-3〉C18：2n-6。说明鮸幼鱼在周期性饥饿过程中,首先利用饱和脂肪酸,然后利用低不饱和脂肪酸,最后才动用高不饱和脂肪酸。双键位置不同的脂肪酸在饥饿过程中的损失速度也有差异,具体为∑n-9 PUFA〉∑n-6 PUFA〉∑n-3 PUFA。     

莱茵衣藻氮胁迫基因数字表达谱分析

以正常培养条件下的莱茵衣藻为对照,通过数字表达谱技术对缺氮诱导3 d的藻细胞进行转录水平上的检测,并结合pathway分析。结果表明:差异表达基因共有482个,其中上调表达基因108个,下调表达基因374个;这些差异表达的基因共分布在85个pathways中。此结果为进一步揭示氮元素缺乏诱导微藻油脂积累的分子机理提供有用信息。     

饥饿对凡纳滨对虾能量代谢及脂肪酸组分的影响

试验考察了喂食与禁食状态下,凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的生长及其肌肉脂肪酸组成的变化。试验虾初始重为0.2627~0.2715g,水体盐度10,温度为27~30℃。喂食采用蛋白饲料(PD)和无蛋白饲料(FPD),蛋白饲料主要以酪蛋白、明胶为蛋白源,蛋白质含量为43.8%。喂食试验为30d,禁食试验为15d。结果表明,经15d的禁食,凡纳滨对虾幼虾日增重率为-1.85%,成活率为53.33%。饥饿状态下,蛋白质和脂肪是凡纳滨对虾的主要能源物质,且以蛋白质为主。饲喂蛋白质饲料组,虾体肌肉脂质中C18∶2n-6、C18∶3n-3、C20∶4n-6和C22∶6n-3(DHA)的含量明显升高(P<0.05)。禁食(ND)状态下,C18∶2n-6、C20∶5n-3和C22∶4n-6得到保留,而C18∶3n-3、C22∶6n-3的含量明显减少(P<0.05),特别是C22∶6n-3消耗后所剩无几。g