异源植物提取物对稻蚜的作用研究

植物异源次生物质在害虫生态控制中具有广阔的应用前景。本研究测定了19种异源植物提取物对稻蚜的忌避、引诱作用和致死作用,结果表明:处理24h后,番荔枝Annona squamosa L.、椰子Cocos nucifer L.、飞机草Eupatorium odoratum L.等植物的提取物对稻蚜定居取食的干扰效果较好,忌避作用指数在0.5以下;人心果Manilkara zapota(L.)van Royen、番石榴Psidium littorale Raddi、微苷菊Mikania Micrantha H.B、芒果Mangif era indica L.、黄皮Clausena lansium(Lour.)Skeels、鱼眼菊Didhrocephala bicolor(Roth)Schlcht.in L.等的忌避作用指数大于1,说明它们对稻蚜不再表现为忌避作用,而是引诱作用。绝大部分植物提取物对稻蚜的致死作用不强,处理后24h,仅西番莲Passif lora caerulea L.和假Piper betleL.的存活指数低于0.5;48h后,仅有假提取物对稻蚜的存活指数低于0.5(接近0.5)。随着时间延长,稻蚜的生存指数有所降低,异源植物提取物的致死作用减弱。     

Impact of alpha-cypermethrin on honey bees foraging on spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus) flowers in field conditions

BACKGROUND: Cruciferous oil-bearing crops have gained in importance worldwide. The expansion of the growing area of these crops has caused a proliferation of pests. Exposure to organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides has been associated with bee poisoning in food crops. This study examines the repellent effect of alpha-cypermethrin on the number of foraging honey bees, Apis mellifera L., on fields of spring oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. var. oleifera. RESULTS: The first experiment was conducted on differently sprayed 10 m(2) experimental plots where alpha-cypermethrin was applied at different times. Another experiment was conducted on a 4 ha seed production field divided into two parts: one part was treated with alpha-cypermethrin and the other was not treated with this insecticide. The results show that there was no difference in the number of honey bees between alpha-cypermethrin-treated and untreated patches. The result persisted through three observation years, regardless of varying flower and honey bee densities. CONCLUSION: No repellent effect of the insecticide on honey bees was found even 24 h after spraying. The density of oilseed rape flowers most likely played a major role in choosing the foraging area.     

Triterpene saponins of Quillaja saponaria show strong aphicidal and deterrent activity against the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum

BACKGROUND: Saponins are a class of secondary plant metabolites consisting of a sugar moiety glycosidically linked to a hydrophobic aglycone (sapogenin) that often possess insecticidal activities. Four saponins were selected: two triterpene saponins, Q. saponaria saponins and aescin, and two steroidal saponins, digitonin and diosgenin. Their effects were investigated on an important pest species and a model piercing‐sucking insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. The triterpene Q. saponaria saponins bark saponin received special attention because of its high activity. Aphids were challenged by oral and contact exposure to demonstrate aphicidal activities, and in choice experiments to support use as a natural deterrent. RESULTS: When aphids were exposed to supplemented artificial diet for 3 days, a strong aphicidal activity was recorded for three of the four saponins, with an LC₅₀ of 0.55 mg mL^?1 for Q. saponaria saponins, 0.62 mg mL^?1 for aescin and 0.45 mg mL^?1 for digitonin. The LT₅₀ values ranged between 1 and 4 days, depending on the dose. For diosgenin, only low toxicity (14%) was scored for concentrations up to 5 mg mL^?1. In choice experiments with treated diet, a deterrence index of 0.97 was scored for Q. saponaria saponins at 1 mg mL^?1. In contrast, direct contact showed no repellent effect. Spraying of faba bean plants with Q. saponaria saponins resulted in an LC₅₀ of 8.2 mg mL^?1. Finally, histological analysis in aphids fed with Q. saponaria saponins demonstrated strong aberrations of the aphid gut epithelium, and exposure of midgut CF‐203 cell lines to Q. saponaria saponins in vitro confirmed the cytotoxic effect. CONCLUSIONS: The present insect experiments provide strong evidence that saponins, as tested here with triterpene Q. saponaria saponins, can be useful as natural aphicides and deterrents. Furthermore, the insect midgut epithelium is suggested to be a primary target of saponin activity.Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Responses to light in a soil-dwelling springtail

It has been widely assumed that Collembola respond to light, but until now there has been very little experimental proof of this. Field observations allowed to distinguish soil-dwelling species that would escape from light from surface-dwelling species that would be attracted to light. However, the supposed effect of light could be due to other factors such as temperature or dryness. We demonstrated that individuals of the collembolan species Heteromurus nitidus (Entomobryidae), when placed in a light gradient (temperature and moisture being homogeneous), clustered in the darker area. This effect occurred rapidly and changes in the distribution of animals persisted after illumination ceased. This shows light to act as a strong repellent for this soil-dwelling collembolan species.     

甲基三甲氧基硅烷浸渍改性刨花板及其性能分析

刨花板是家具制造业的首选板材,在潮湿的环境中使用易出现翘曲变形、膨胀及分层等现象。为改善刨花板防潮性能,提高其尺寸稳定性,将甲基三甲氧基硅烷(MTMS)与0.1mol/L的盐酸以4∶1的体积比混合,将混合溶液置于冰浴中超声水解360 min,然后利用MTMS水解溶液对刨花板进行5 min的浸渍处理。分析了改性前后刨花板的润湿性、抗紫外老化性、粗糙度、表面化学结构及物理力学性能。研究结果表明:经MTMS水解溶液浸渍改性的刨花板具有稳定的拒水、拒油及抗老化性能,尺寸稳定性得到改善,板坯的表面密度增加,力学性能提高。     

Acute lethal and behavioral sublethal responses of two stored-product psocids to surface insecticides

BACKGROUND: The psocids Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel and L. entomophila (Enderlein) (Liposcelididae) are emerging pests of stored products. Although their behavior, particularly their high mobility, may contribute to the reported relatively low efficacy of insecticides against them, studies to investigate this have not been conducted. The present study aimed to assess the label rate efficacy of three commercial insecticides (β‐cyfluthrin, chlorfenapyr and pyrethrins) applied on concrete surfaces against L. bostrychophila and L. entomophila, and also their sublethal effect on the mobility of these species. RESULTS: The synthetic insecticides β‐cyfluthrin and chlorfenapyr showed high short‐term efficacy (LT₉₅≤15 h) against both psocid species, unlike the natural pyrethrins (LT₉₅ ≥ 4 days). Liposcelis bostrychophila was slightly more tolerant (≥1.2×) than L. entomophila to all three insecticides. Behavioral assays with fully sprayed and half‐sprayed concrete arenas indicated that the insecticides reduced the mobility of both species. Pyrethrins seem to elicit weak repellence in L. bostrychophila. CONCLUSION: β‐Cyfluthrin and chlorfenapyr were effective against both psocid species, but not pyrethrins. The mobility of both species does not seem to play a major role in the differential selectivity observed, but the lower mobility of L. bostrychophila may be a contributing factor to its higher insecticide tolerance. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Lippia adoensis Hochst ex. Walp (Verneneaceae) Leaf Essential Oil Against Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera：Chrysomelidae)

Essential oil(EO) of Nigeria-grown Lippia adoensis leaf was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry(GCMS) and its fumigant and repellent properties against Callosobruchus maculatus were evaluated. Sixteen compounds predominated by monoterpenes were identified. The major compounds were Eucalyptol(28.36%), α-Terpineol(25.99%), γ-Terpinene(15.24%), α-Pinene(5.08%), 1H-Cyclopropa[a]naphthalene(4.25%) and 1, 3, 6, 10-Dodecatetraene(3.74%). Percentage mortality due to fumigant toxicity was dose- and exposure period-dependent. One hour after treatment(HAT), application of L. adoensis leaf EO at 107 μL· L~(-1) air caused significantly(p?0.05) higher mortality(50.00%) than 0.00% mortality observed at 0-53 μL· L~(-1) air, but not significantly(p?0.05) different from 22.50% observed in 80 μL· L~(-1) air. At 3 HAT, application of L. adoensis EO at 80 μL· L~(-1)air caused significantly higher mortality(90.00 %) than mortality observed at 0 μL· L~(-1) air. At 6 HAT, application of L. adoensis EO at 53-107 μL· L~(-1) air caused significantly higher mortality(100.00 %) than that was observed in the control. The same trend was observed at 12 HAT where 100 % mortality observed in 27-107 μL· L~(-1) air was significantly greater than 13.33 % observed in the control. At 3 HAT, percentage repellence was significantly(p0.05) affected by doses. Application of EO at 10-30 μL· cm~(-2) caused class V repellence(86.67%-100%) compared with the control which caused class I repellence(0-20%).     

Factors influencing oviposition behaviour of the invasive pest,Drosophila suzukii,derived from interactions with other Drosophila species: potential applications for control

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) or spotted wing Drosophila is a worldwide invasive pest of soft- and stone-fruit production. Female D. suzukii lay their eggs in ripening fruit and the hatched larvae damage fruit from the inside, rendering it unmarketable and causing significant economic loss. Current methods to reduce D. suzukii population in the field primarily rely on chemical insecticides which are not a sustainable long-term solution and increase the risk of resistance developing. Several studies demonstrate that when D. suzukii encounter or coexist with other Drosophila on a food source, this is usually a disadvantage to D. suzukii, leading to reduced oviposition and increased larval mortality. These effects have potential to be exploited from a pest management perspective. In this review we summarise recent research articles focusing on the interspecific interactions between D. suzukii and other Drosophila species aimed at understanding how this drives D. suzukii behaviour. Potential semiochemical and microbiome impacts are postulated as determinants of D. suzukii behaviour. Development of control practices focusing on reducing D. suzukii populations and deterring them from laying eggs by utilising factors that drive their behaviour are discussed. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.