Effect of Split Nitrogen Application on Growth and Yield of Wheat (T. aestivum L.) Genotypes with Different N-Assimilation Potential

A field experiment was conducted with different nitrogen regimes to assess the growth and yield performance of wheat genotypes which differ in nitrate assimilation potential. Genotypic differences in biomass accumulation were observed at different growth stages. The nitrogen treatment had little effect on biomass accumulation at early stages of growth, while at later stages of growth there was enhanced biomass accumulation when N was applied in more than two splits. On an average, genotypes with high nitrate reductase activity (the 'HNR' genotypes) accumulated 14.2 % more biomass than the genotypes with low nitrate reductase activity ('LNR' genotypes) when an extra dose (40 kg N ha⁻¹) of nitrogen was given at the time of anthesis. The application of nitrogen in more than two splits increased grain yield of both 'HNR' and 'LNR' genotypes mainly by increasing grain weight per ear. The application of an extra dose of nitrogen (40 kg N ha⁻¹) at the time of anthesis increased grain yield of 'HNR' genotypes by 38.5 % as compared to 'LNR' genotypes.     

Impact of pig slurry on soil properties, water salinization, nitrate leaching and crop yield in a four-year experiment in Central Spain

Abstract. The repeated application of pig slurry to agricultural soils may result in an accumulation of salts and a risk of aquifer pollution due to nitrate leaching and salinization. Under Mediterranean conditions, a field experiment on a sandy loam soil (Typic Xerofluvent) was performed with maize (Zea mays) in 1998, 1999 and 2001 to study the effects of applying optimal (P1) and excessive rates (P3) of pig slurry on soil salinization, nitrate leaching and groundwater pollution. The rate of pig slurry was established considering the optimal N rate for maize in this soil (170, 162 and 176 kg N ha^?1 for 1998, 1999 and 2001, respectively). Pig slurry treatments were compared to an optimal N rate supplied as urea (U) and a control treatment without N fertilizer (P0). The composition of the slurries showed great variability between years. Mean NO₃^? leaching losses from 1998 to 2001 were 329, 215, 173 and 78 kg N ha^?1 for P3, P1, U and P0 treatments, respectively. The amount of total dissolved salts (TDS) added to the soil in slurry application between 1998 and 2001 was 2019 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P1 treatment and 6058 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P3 treatment. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity (EC) of the slurry‐treated soils was greater than that of the control soil. The EC correlated significantly with the sodium concentration of the soil solution. Over the entire experimental period, 2653, 2202 and 2110 kg Na ha^?1 entered the aquifer from the P3, P1 and P0 treatments, respectively. The P3 treatment did not significantly increase grain production in 1999 and 2001 compared with that achieved with the optimal N rate treatment (P1). This behaviour shows the importance of establishing application guidelines for pig slurry that will reduce the risk of soil and groundwater pollution.     

水分对硝酸磷肥中氮的扩散及其肥效的影响

国产硝酸磷肥含氮27%,磷13.5%。所含速效氮中硝态氮均占一半。研究麦田不同水分对硝酸磷肥中硝态氮在土壤中扩散结果显示,硝态氮在土壤中下移深度与土壤湿润峰的深度基本一致,在小麦越冬期有表聚现象。当灌水量为田间持水量时,硝态氮移动深度为40～50cm,是在主要根系活动层内,这对小麦吸收有利,不会产生氮的流失。等氮磷条件下,硝酸磷肥与磷铵加尿素在北方地区有同样肥效。     

低硝酸盐含量萝卜的筛选

对萝卜4个雄性不育系杂交组合和10个商品种的F1代及F2代进行硝酸盐含量测定分析。结果表明,萝卜雄性不育系杂交组合F1代与其母本雄性不育系的硝酸盐含量范围相近,说明母本雄性不育系对F1代的硝酸盐含量有决定作用。10个商品种F1代的硝酸盐含量均较高,且品种间差异显著;其F2代产生剧烈分离,变异系数为11．46％-44．23％,品系内硝酸盐含量的变化范围也随之扩大,出现了F1代品种内没有的低硝酸盐含量和高硝酸盐含量单株。显示出利用F1代自交分离筛选低硝酸盐含量萝卜株系的可行性。     

冬油菜施氮的增产和养分吸收效应及氮肥利用率研究

目的研究旱地土壤中追施不同形态氮肥对油菜生长、生理与产量的影响,旨在为旱地土壤中油菜栽培氮肥合理施用提供理论依据。方法以油菜品种湘油15为供试材料,在相同追施氮肥总量条件下(N 300 kg/hm²),设3个处理：单施硝态氮(NO₃⁻)(A)、硝铵态氮1∶1配施(B)和单施铵态氮(NH₄⁺)(C)。分别对油菜的农艺性状、籽粒产量、含油量和花期、收获期地上部分不同器官的生物量、氮累积量以及苗期、花期叶片的光合作用参数、硝酸还原酶活性进行了测定。结果与A处理相比,C处理显著增加了油菜的单株有效角果数和籽粒产量(P<0.05);B和C处理显著增加了开花期以及收获期花(角果)、茎和全部地上部的生物量以及花(角果)、叶、茎、籽粒和全部地上部的氮累积量(P<0.05);B和C处理显著增加了苗期和开花期油菜叶片SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂含量和开花期叶片硝酸还原酶活性(P<0.05),但显著降低了苗期叶片硝酸还原酶活性(P<0.05)。结论旱地土壤中,与单施硝态氮相比,单施铵态氮更能促进油菜地上部生物量和籽粒产量提高。     

优化施肥对春小麦产量、氮素利用及氮平衡的影响

2009 ～ 2010年,在宁夏引黄灌区分别以宁春11号和宁春16号小麦为供试作物,利用田间试验研究了优化施肥(OPT)和习惯施肥(CON)对春小麦产量、氮素吸收利用和土壤硝态氮累积的影响,表观评估了土壤—小麦体系氮素平衡.结果表明,相对于CK处理,OPT和CON都显著提高春小麦籽粒产量地上部生物量,并促进籽粒N和地上...     

Use of the nitrate‐specific ion electrode for the determination of nitrate nitrogen in surface and ground water

Abstract

The usefulness of the nitrate‐specific ion electrode (NE) for the determination of nitrate nitrogen (NO3‐N) in surface and ground water was determined. The NE method had several advantages that made it superior to the phenoldisulfonic acid (PDS) method in our environmental quality studies. Samples could be analyzed quickly and with a minimum of sample preparation. Sample coloration and soluble salts did not interfere with the performance of the electrode. Range of detection without dilution was much wider than by the PDS method. Also, the values obtained by the NE method, although slightly greater than those obtained by the PDS method, were satisfactory.     

不同密度水稻抽穗后生理特性的研究

稀植栽培的水稻,抽穗后田间表现为中下部光强明显增加,光合作用时间延长,硝酸还原酶和过氧化物酶活性降低,蛋白质含量增加50%以上,叶片衰老延缓,籽粒干物质积累加速,千粒重提高。     

Considering the preferences for nitrogen forms by invasive plants: a case study from a hydroponic culture experiment

Although preference for NH₄⁺, NO₃^? or a combination of the two often differs among species, we know little about the responses of invasive plants to different inorganic N forms. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that an increase in N availability may facilitate further invasions. However, most of these studies predicted the positive feedback without considering the preference for N forms of invasive plants. Therefore, we cultivated four common invasive species (Mikania micrantha, Ipomoea cairica, Wedelia trilobata and Bidens pilosa) in South China with hydroponic media containing different forms of N (i.e. NO₃^?, NH₄NO₃ and NH₄⁺) at equimolar concentrations. Our results showed that the N forms significantly affected the growth, biomass allocation and physiological traits of the plants. All four invasive plants supplied with NO₃^? alone had better performance and greater allocation to root biomass than did plants that were supplied with NH₄⁺ alone. Moreover, the photosynthetic rate, pigment content and photosystem II activity of plants supplied with NO₃^? or NH₄NO₃ were significantly higher than those of plants supplied with NH₄⁺alone. The results suggested that all four invasive plants preferred NO₃^? rather than NH₄⁺, and changes in NO₃^? played an important role in furthering the invasions of these plants than did changes in NH₄⁺. Our results implied that decreasing NO₃^? may be a useful tool for controlling and managing invasive plants preferring NO₃^?. In addition, this study highlighted the importance of considering plant N form preference to better understand plant invasions.     

Effect of salinity on nitrogen metabolism in wheat

Objectives of our studies were to quantify effects of salinity on growth and nitrogen metabolism of wheat and to measure variation in response of different cultivars, hybrids, and classes. Methods and criteria for identifying resistance to salinity in wheat, particularly effects on nitrogen metabolism also were tested. Variation in response to salinity was measured by subjecting seedlings of six wheats to one control treatment (‐0.1 bars) and two stress treatments (‐3.5 and ‐10.4 bars) from NaCl, MgSO₄, and MgCl₂ in hydroponic solutions. Both stress treatments retarded growth; wheats significantly varied at ‐3.5 bars but not at ‐10.4 bars. Stress decreased root and shoot nitrate N and total N contents. Studies with one wheat cultivar showed that salinity decreased activity of nitrate reductase enzyme and stimulated accumulation of proline. Salinity more adversely affected vegetative stages than reproductive stages of plants grown to maturity. We concluded that salinity affected wheat by both osmotic effects and antagonism of nitrate metabolism from chloride. Absolute growth and relative growth at different stress levels were superior to differences in nitrogen metabolism as selection criteria for salinity tolerance.