植物根结线虫基因组学研究进展

根结线虫是世界农业生产中危害最大的植物病原之一,目前仍缺乏安全有效的防治措施。深入揭示寄生线虫与植物之间互作的分子机制,利用生物技术进行抗性育种被认为是最有前景的抗线虫策略。在根结线虫基因组学研究方面,目前已经构建了北方根结线虫AFLP遗传连锁图谱,南方根结线虫和北方根结线虫基因组测序也已完成;基因组的注释和比较基因组学分析,较全面地描述了根结线虫的遗传组成;以差异表达分析和比较基因组学为主的方法鉴定了大量的重要基因;以RNA干扰、植物转化和蛋白互作为主的根结线虫基因功能研究也取得了一些进展。本文就根结线虫基因组学研究予以综述,并进一步探讨其研究方向和可持续抗线虫新策略的发展前景。     

感染松材线虫病松树滑刃目线虫调查

 本研究首次在全国范围内调查感染松材线虫病松树体内滑刃目线虫的种群组成,包括种类记述和数量组成分析。结果表明:在300份样品中共分离得到10种滑刃目线虫,隶属于3科、4属,其中有2个国内新记录种;它们是松材线虫、拟松材线虫、霍夫曼尼伞滑刃线虫、薄荷滑刃线虫、大核滑刃线虫、小麦长尾线虫(国内新记录种)、爱尔密那长尾线虫(国内新记录种)、李氏长尾线虫、吴氏长尾线虫和外滑刃科线虫一种;描述并且图示比较它们的形态特征。种群数量组成分析表明:松材线虫在感病松树体内占据绝对的优势,削弱了松树线虫群落组成的多样性,即线虫群落结构趋向单一化。研究还表明,利用长尾属线虫的捕食习性来控制中国松材线虫病的流行与危害值得进一步探索与研究。     

用喷雾器喷施线虫对其存活和侵染力的影响

试验表明,应用高压机动喷雾机喷施线虫,防治桃小食心虫,在每平方厘米10～20公斤压力下,对线虫的存活、侵染力和寄生强度,均无明显影响。     

Penetration, Development and Emigration of Juveniles of the Nematode Meloidogyne arenaria in Myrobalan Plum (Prunus cerasifera) Clones Bearing the Ma Resistance Genes

Penetration, development and emigration of M. arenaria in the roots of three Myrobalan plum (Prunus cerasifera) clones genetically characterized for their resistance to root-knot nematodes (RKN) were studied during the 10 (penetration) and 15 (emigration) days following the date of inoculation (D) of 2500 juveniles (J2s) per plant into the soil. Miniaturized tests were conducted on the two resistant clones P.2175 (Ma1 gene) and P.1079 (Ma2 gene) and the susceptible clone P.2032 (recessive for both genes), obtained from micropropagated plantlets and grown in mini-containers under controlled conditions at 25°C in a growth chamber. For penetration and development studies, nematodes in the roots were recovered by the acid fuchsin-lactophenol staining technique. Equivalent numbers of J2s were recovered in all the clones at D+1 and D+2. Subsequently, the numbers increased rapidly in P.2032 and were significantly different from those in P.1079 and P.2175 that remained at a low level. No swollen larvae were observed in the resistant clones. In P.2032, the first swollen larvae were observed at D+4, the first females were observed at D+12, whereas the first females with attached egg sacs and the first new-generation J2s were obtained between D+21 and D+28. Our data suggest that the resistance phenomenon does not act on the very early nematode penetration but acts later by preventing feeding-site induction and development into the third-stage. For emigration studies, plants in which J2s had been allowed to penetrate for two days (from D to D+2) were washed free of soil, repotted and then, after various periods of growth, soil-free roots were placed under a mistifier to evaluate the numbers of emigrating individuals. Emigration of J2s from the roots occured mainly from D+2 to D+4 in all the genotypes and was very limited from D+4 to D+10. There was no significant differences in the number of emigrated juveniles between the resistant and susceptible clones, indicating that emigration cannot explain the difference in the numbers of nematodes recovered in the roots.     

大豆新品种(系)对大豆孢囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性鉴定

2003～2006年,应用田间自然病圃法,先后对来自于7个省市的394份大豆种质资源进行了大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗病性鉴定。从中选出8份抗病种质,占鉴定总数的2.03%,这些抗病种质均是优良的品种或品系,是较好的抗性亲本。     

毛头鬼伞生物学特性与杀线虫作用的关系

毛头鬼伞Coprinuscomatus,又名鸡腿菇、鸡腿蘑等,隶属真菌门、鬼伞属真菌。该菌肉质肥厚嫩白,鲜美可口。营养丰富,是一种诱人的美味食品。除此之外,该菌还具有独特的医疗保健功效,其味甘性平,有益脾健胃、清神宁智、助消化、增进食欲、治疗痔疮、降低血糖等多种药用功能阻引,是一种极具商业潜能的食药兼用真菌。     

ITS—RFLP分析进行昆虫病原线虫斯氏属和异小杆属的分类鉴定

本研究通过PCR扩增和六种限制性内切酶（AluⅠ，HinfⅠ，MboⅠ，RsaⅠ，HaeⅢ和PvuⅡ）酶切，对国内害虫防治上常用的几种昆虫病原线虫，包括斯氏属S.car-pocapsae,S.feltiae和S.glaseri以及异小杆属H.bacteriophora,H.zealandica,H.indicus和H.megidis等8个品系rDNA-ITS进行分析。建立起可以区分各线虫种的标准RFLP图谱。该方法快速简便，稳定可靠，需要的样品量少。可以用于新鲜的，或冻存的样品，甚至分析单条的线虫，不仅可进行昆虫病原线虫的快速分类鉴定。而且进一步可以应用于线虫田间释放的辅助监测。实际田间感染率的测定和线虫毒力的比较。     

转新疆野生樱桃李psoRPM1 基因烟草抵抗南方根结线虫

 从新疆野生樱桃李（Prunus sogdiana）抗南方根结线虫单株中分离克隆得到一个能响应南方 根结线虫侵染的抗病基因psoRPM1,利用农杆菌介导方法将其导入烟草中,并对其抗性进行了鉴定。结 果显示,构建的pCAMBA1305.1 表达载体能成功地将psoRPM1 基因导入高度感病的烟草‘W38’中,并 获得了9 株转基因单株。对转基因单株进行抗性鉴定,结果显示转入psoRPM1 基因后使烟草‘W38’对 南方根结线虫的抗性由高度感病变为中度抗病。这一结果预示着psoRPM1 基因可能是一个新的与抗根结 线虫相关的基因。     

三种常用方法防治松干线虫的研究

在病虫害防治过程中切断传染路径是重要的传统防治方法。松干线虫的主要传染媒介是松墨天牛,伐除病死木、熏蒸方法处理残余伐根、诱捕器捕杀天牛成虫3种方法相结合,处理染病林分,并和没有进行处理的林分进行比较,试验表明,染病个体植株数明显下降,松墨天牛虫口密度大幅度降低。基于这样的思路,设计了试验方案,收集大量数据,并进行数据处理分析,得出结论,为松干线虫的防治提供理论依据。     

围封、放牧、刈割对内蒙古典型草原土壤线虫群落的影响

为探讨围封、放牧、刈割对典型草原土壤线虫的影响,本文基于高通量测序确定土壤线虫群落组成,分析不同利用方式下土壤线虫群落差异及其表征的生态学意义。研究结果表明：围封、放牧、刈割处理下的线虫群落结构未呈现显著性差异,但在不同草地利用方式的影响下,土壤线虫在优势营养类群、生态学指数层面表现为有差异性的响应结果;与围封处理相比,放牧和刈割对草地生态系统产生一定干扰作用,这使得土壤线虫连通性和捕食关系有所减弱;刈割使温带典型草原土壤线虫群落的Shannon指数和均匀度指数显著降低,但有利于土壤养分富集。研究结果丰富了草地土壤线虫多样性和群落演变的研究内容,证实土壤线虫所指示的草地生态系统状况随着利用方式的改变而发生变化,为温带典型草原的草地恢复、可持续发展等不同阶段制定科学的草地利用方式提供参考。