Occurrence of prophage and historical perspectives associated with the dissemination of huanglongbing in mainland China

Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with a non-culturable bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), is a highly destructive citrus disease with a long but poorly documented history in China. No effective treatment for HLB is available. The identification of new prophages in abundant CLas genomic sequence data provides new insights into both the diversity of CLas strains and HLB management. In this study, CLas populations from nine provinces were surveyed for the presence of prophage. Two major prophage typing groups (PTGs) were discovered to be associated with two different altitude regions: strains of CLas in PTG1 from high altitude regions (HAR) mainly contained prophage Type 1 only or Types 1 and 3, whereas strains of CLas in PTG2 from low altitude regions (LAR) mainly contained prophage Type 2. The discovery of these CLas population patterns provides evidence for independent origins of HLB in HAR and LAR. Guangdong province is the generally recognized domestic region of origin for HLB and is primarily responsible for the dissemination of HLB in LAR through transport of seedlings. Both Yunnan and Sichuan provinces are the probable regions of origin for HLB in HAR. PTG2 was further divided into two subgroups: PTG2-1, found in Guangdong, Fujian and Guangxi and PTG2-2, found in Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Hunan. These regions and prophage types are correlated with early and late introductions of HLB in LAR. These molecular analyses were supported by studying the history of the dissemination of HLB in historical documents.     

柑橘黄龙病疫情运动规律与预警模型研究

为了揭示柑橘黄龙病整体疫情入侵、扩散、流行等运动规律,对柑橘木虱种群的数量消长情况进行多年多点的系统监测,同时在柑橘黄龙病果实显症期采用全境式普查方法开展疫情调查。2002-2010年连续8年的监测和普查结果表明,柑橘黄龙病疫情入侵分布呈南重北轻、东高西低的特征,其扩散趋势为自南而北逐年推进,并呈螺旋式上升。疫情长期运动一般需经历入侵上升、高位运行、受控回落周期性变化,其运动周期为10年左右,并建立时序运动模型: P=-00044N2+0056N －00698(n=9,r=09552**,r001=07977)。应用上述模型进行逐年修补,若预测下年度果园加权发病率在1%以上,则可发布预警。     

晚熟温州蜜柑NBS-LRR类抗病基因同源序列的克隆及分析

为加深对柑橘黄龙病抗性机理的了解和为黄龙病抗性基因的克隆提供依据,根据已知植物抗病基因NBS-LRR保守结构域设计简并引物,以柑橘黄龙病抗性品种"晚熟温州蜜柑"为供试材料,对其基因组DNA进行PCR扩增、克隆和序列测定,结果共获得17条抗病基因同源序列(resistance gene analogs,RGAs),其在NCBI中的登录号为KJ019189~KJ019199,KR815564~KR815569。序列分析表明,这17个RGAs与甜橙、柚等柑橘属中推测的一些抗病蛋白基因或其他相关蛋白基因具有显著高的同源性。其中一些RGAs与拟南芥抗霜霉病RPP13基因、柑橘抗衰退病毒基因Ctv或烟草抗TMV基因N具有51.7%~79.0%的氨基酸序列同源性。依据论文结果,笔者认为,晚熟温州蜜柑中存在较丰富的NBS-LRR类抗病基因,但具体哪些病基因与抗黄龙病相关尚需进一步研究。     

不同引物对检测柑桔黄龙病菌灵敏度比较

对目前常用的5对引物(fOI1/rOI2c、fOI2/r23S1、fA2/rJ5、fP535/rP535、fP400/rP400)检测柑桔黄龙病菌的灵敏度进行了比较。结果发现,不同引物对的检测灵敏度不同,5对引物检测灵敏度由高到低依次为:fP400/rP400>fP535/rP535>fA2/rJ5>fOI1/rOI2c>fOI2/r23S1;引物对fP400/rP400比广谱引物对fOI2/r23S1的灵敏度高近千倍。半巢式PCR及巢式PCR的检测灵敏度远高于常规PCR,可检测出接近极限浓度10-7ng/μL,二者没有明显的差别。因此,按照不同目的选择合适的检测引物非常重要,特别是当待测样品中的黄龙病菌浓度极低时,应选择高灵敏度的小片段特异性引物对。     

Antifeedant and sublethal effects of imidacloprid on Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri

BACKGROUND: Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, transmits the causal bacteria of the devastating citrus disease huanglongbing (HLB). Because of the variation in spatial and temporal uptake and systemic distribution of imidacloprid applied to citrus trees and its degradation over time in citrus trees, ACP adults and nymphs are exposed to concentrations that may not cause immediate mortality but rather sublethal effects. The objective of this laboratory study was to determine the effects of sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid on ACP life stages. RESULTS: Feeding by ACP adults and nymphs on plants treated daily with a sublethal concentration (0.1 µg mL^?1) of imidacloprid significantly decreased adult longevity (8 days), fecundity (33%) and fertility (6%), as well as nymph survival (12%) and developmental rate compared with untreated controls. The magnitude of these negative effects was directly related to exposure duration and concentration. Furthermore, ACP adults that fed on citrus leaves treated systemically with lethal and sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid excreted significantly less honeydew (7–94%) compared with controls in a concentration‐dependent manner suggesting antifeedant activity of imidacloprid. CONCLUSIONS: Sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid negatively affect development, reproduction, survival and longevity of ACP, which likely contributes to population reductions over time. Also, reduced feeding by ACP adults on plants treated with sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid may potentially decrease the capacity of ACP to successfully acquire and transmit the HLB causal pathogen. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

南方山区集中连片大规模开发果园的建议——由安远县柑橘黄龙病引起的反思

2013年柑橘黄龙病在江西省安远县大面积爆发,通过调查,总结了安远柑橘黄龙病发生历史,爆发危害,重点分析了发病原因,就南方山区规模化连片种植发展柑橘产业提出深思和建议,更加明确地将过度开发与此次灾害联系起来。为其他地区今后在生态保护与经济发展权衡上提供理论参考。     

高质量提取柑橘样品中病原总核酸方法的建立

针对柑橘老熟组织中富含多糖、多酚、色素和其它次生代谢产物的特点,以柑橘老叶老皮为试材,在传统CTAB提取法的基础上通过添加增效剂并优化配方,建立了一种快速、简便的提取植物老熟组织及其内部病原总核酸的CTAB-Triton提取法。新的提取液对细胞的裂解能力更强,且解决了传统CTAB溶液因低温析出而致DNA得率损失的弊端。比较了该法和微量葡聚糖柱纯化法制备模板时韧皮部杆菌的检出率,并用该法制备模板,分析了韧皮部杆菌在柚子叶片中的分布情况,及对其它几种柑橘病原菌进行PCR/RT-PCR检测。结果表明,CTAB-Triton方法能有效提取柑橘老熟叶片的DNA,所得DNA质量高,产量比商品化试剂盒大,提高了韧皮部杆菌的检出率,且可用于柑橘其他病原真菌、细菌,以及DNA或RNA病毒病害的PCR/RT-PCR检测,也可用于定量PCR检测和病原种群多态性分析。