沼液兼养培养微藻潜力及不同有机碳源影响

利用沼液培养微藻可在收获藻生物质的同时回收碳、氮、磷养分,是沼液资源化利用极具潜力的途径。与光合自养相比,兼养培养可实现藻生物量快速积累,且对光、碳利用灵活,与透光性不佳的沼液相性较好,但目前缺乏相关研究论证其可行性。本文首先选取了小球藻 Chlorella sp.、蛋白核小球藻 Chlorella pyrenoidosa、栅藻 Scenedesmus sp.,以葡萄糖为碳源利用猪粪沼液对 3株微藻进行了兼养培养。结果显示,兼养策略可在大幅强化藻生物量积累的同时协同提升沼液污染物去除。其中,Chlorella pyrenoidosa展现出最佳的生物量及养分去除优势,培养7 d生物量可达1.51 g·L^-1,为光合自养的6.12倍,沼液COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷去除率较自养分别提高了20、36、41个和32个百分点。本研究进一步考察了具备两种典型碳代谢路径的有机碳源（葡萄糖-三羧酸循环,乙酸钠-乙醛酸循环）对Chlorella pyrenoidosa沼液兼养培养的影响,发现葡萄糖相较于乙酸钠更适宜作为沼液兼养培养的有机碳源,且葡萄糖浓度与利用效率呈负相关,1 g·L^-1葡萄糖浓度条件下Chlorella pyrenoidosa具有最高的单位有机碳生物量产率。此外,兼养微藻通过代谢葡萄糖可协同提升光合性能,使PSⅡ最大量子产量、实际量子产量、调节性能量耗散量子产量等维持较高水平,既弥补了沼液弱透光下光能不足,也强化了持续光照后的光系统损伤恢复机制。因此,本研究认为以添加1 g·L^-1葡萄糖的沼液兼养培养Chlorella pyrenoidosa是克服沼液养藻光衰减等不利因素,强化微藻生物量产量及养分回收效率的有效方式,在畜禽养殖场沼液生物消纳与资源化利用方面有较好的应用前景。     

饲粮营养水平对绒山羊小肠感应因子mRNA相对表达量、血液理化指标及激素含量的影响

本试验旨在适当降低饲粮氮水平条件下,通过饲粮添加N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)及小肠灌注葡萄糖,研究其对绒山羊小肠感应因子mRNA相对表达量、血液理化指标及激素含量的影响。选用27只体况良好、装有永久性瘤胃和十二指肠瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊羯羊,按年龄和体重相近原则随机分成9组,每组3只。饲粮分为3个处理:低氮[粗蛋白质(CP)10.5%]、低氮+NCG(0.20 g/d)和高氮(CP 13.5%);每个处理的山羊分别进行3个水平的十二指肠葡萄糖灌注:0、20和40 g/d。饲养试验(15 d预试期、15 d正试期)结束后,屠宰取空肠和十二指肠组织,通过实时定量PCR法测定营养感应因子mRNA相对表达量,测定血液理化指标、血清和空肠相关激素含量。结果表明:1)在基础饲粮条件(无葡萄糖灌注)下,随着饲粮氮水平的下降,空肠和十二指肠钠-葡萄糖共转运载体1(SGLT1)的mRNA相对表达量,血浆尿素氮、葡萄糖含量,血清瓜氨酸、胰岛素含量,血清和空肠胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)、胰高血糖素样肽2(GLP-2)和促胰岛素肽(GIP)含量减少,而空肠和十二指肠溶质载体家族7成员9(SLC7A9)、溶质载体家族7成员1(SLC7A1)的mRNA相对表达量增加。2)增加适宜过瘤胃葡萄糖后,随着饲粮氮水平的下降,SGLT1、味觉受体1型1、味觉受体1型2、味觉受体1型3 mRNA相对表达量呈增加趋势。3)低氮饲粮条件下灌注20 g/d葡萄糖,额外饲喂NCG能够缓解饲粮氮水平降低引起的空肠和十二指肠SGLT1 mRNA相对表达量,血浆尿素氮、葡萄糖含量,血清瓜氨酸含量,血清和空肠GLP-1、GLP-2和GIP含量的下降。结果提示,适当降低饲粮氮水平,补饲NCG和增加过瘤胃葡萄糖(十二指肠灌注20 g/d)对绒山羊机体代谢及肠道营养物质感应均有促进作用。     

饲粮不同能量来源对断奶仔猪肠道黏膜功能的影响

仔猪早期断奶常常导致仔猪能量摄入不足,使肠道黏膜细胞处于"饥饿状态",影响仔猪正常的肠道功能,从而加剧断奶应激,因此满足肠道黏膜细胞的能量供给至关重要。本文就谷氨酰胺(Gln)、葡萄糖(Glu)、脂肪这3种肠黏膜细胞主要的供能物质来分别论述它们对于断奶仔猪肠道黏膜功能的影响。     

Type 2 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic β cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis

Reasons for performing study: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is diagnosed rarely in equine practice although it may be under‐recognised. A greater awareness of the condition and therapeutic considerations would be to the benefit of such cases presenting in practice. More investigation into the pharmacological management of these cases is needed. Objectives: Three cases of diabetes mellitus were investigated using a specific test for insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β cell function in order to define accurately and characterise the existence of T2DM in all 3 subjects. Methods: The insulin‐modified frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test was performed in each case and the data so obtained were subject to minimal model analysis of insulin‐glucose dynamics. Cases were then monitored following treatment using a combination of dietary modification, metformin, glibenclamide and pergolide. Results: Marked insulin resistance was identified in each case and, furthermore, severe pancreatic β cell dysfunction was present therefore classifying each case as end stage T2DM. Treatment was nevertheless associated with restoration of normoglycaemia in all cases. Conclusions: T2DM in horses may be more common than generally considered. In some cases individuals may respond to therapy aimed at restoring insulin sensitivity and pancreatic function. Drugs used in other species for the treatment of T2DM have not yet been adequately tested in horses. Potential relevance: T2DM should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in mature to elderly horses and ponies suffering from weight loss, polydipsia and polyuria. Clinicians should be encouraged to offer treatment and management advice when such cases are encountered.     

全蚕粉复合物降血糖及降血脂效果的比较

通过动物试验和糖尿病患者服用试验,比较了全蚕粉复合物(SPC)与全蚕粉(SP)的降血糖和降血脂效果。动物试验表明,SPC的降血糖效果优于SP和拜糖平,并能显著提高糖尿病小鼠的C肽水平,降低小鼠血浆总胆固醇水平。糖尿病患者服用SPC后,不仅能降低空腹血糖和餐后血糖,而且能降低糖化血红蛋白水平,未发现低血糖及其它不良反应。     

Utilization of protein-A in immuno-histochemical techniques for detection of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus antigens in tissues of experimentally infected goats

This paper constitutes the first record of utilizing the S. aureus protein-A (PA), conjugated to peroxidase enzyme, for the detection of the Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus antigens in tissues of experimentally infected goats. The goats were experimentally infected with a virulent PPR virus, which was previously isolated from a severe natural disease outbreak in gazelles, during 2002 in Saudi Arabia. The technique is rapid, and has the superiority over the peroxidase –anti-peroxidase (PAP) test in that, inactivation of the indigenous peroxidase in the tissues is not required and that it can be used against a wide range of animal species. An advantage over the other immunolabelled conjugates is that PA attaches specifically to the crystalizable fraction (Fc) of the IgG molecule, thus allowing the antigen binding fraction (Fab) of the molecule, free to interact specifically with the antigen. So, it doesn't actually compete with the antigen for the Fab portion of the IgG molecule. In the present study, PA conjugate detected the PPR virus antigens in various tissues of the experimentally infected goats.     

胰岛素受体-1在尼罗罗非鱼不同组织中的表达及其对注射葡萄糖的响应

本试验旨在研究胰岛素受体-1(IR-1)在尼罗罗非鱼不同组织中的表达及其对注射葡萄糖的响应。利用PCR扩增的方法从尼罗罗非鱼肌肉中克隆IR-1的c DNA片段,并通过半定量PCR检测,比较IR-1在肌肉、肝脏和心脏中的表达差异。选取体重约为100 g的尼罗罗非鱼160尾,随机分2组,每组4个重复,每个重复20尾。试验组腹腔注射葡萄糖(每100 g体重30 mg),对照组以相同剂量腹腔注射0.7%的无菌生理盐水。在注射前(0 h)和注射后的1、3、6和12 h分别进行采样,测定血浆葡萄糖和胰岛素含量,并通过实时荧光定量PCR检测IR-1在肌肉、心脏和肝脏中的mRNA相对表达量。结果显示:1)克隆出的IR-1 c DNA片段,其Gen Bank登陆号为JN967750,大小为1 979 bp,编码548个氨基酸。序列分析发现,尼罗罗非鱼的IR-1与其他物种比较具有很高的保守性,并具有丰富的酪氨酸激酶特征性序列。2)IR-1在尼罗罗非鱼肌肉、心脏和肝脏中均有较高的表达量,其中在肝脏和肌肉中的表达量基本一致,而在心脏中的表达量相对较低。3)试验组血浆葡萄糖含量在注射葡萄糖1 h后达到最高,并显著高于对照组(P0.05),而后开始下降,3 h后恢复到正常水平;试验组血浆胰岛素含量在葡萄糖注射3 h后达到最高,并显著高于对照组(P0.05),而后开始下降,12 h后恢复到正常水平。试验组肌肉和肝脏中IR-1 mRNA的相对表达量在注射葡萄糖后6 h时达到最高,显著高于对照组(P0.05),在12 h时恢复到正常水平;试验组心脏中IR-1 mRNA的相对表达量在注射葡萄糖后的12 h内没有发生显著变化(P0.05)。结果表明,注射葡萄糖后即刻升高了尼罗罗非鱼的血浆葡萄糖含量,相对于血浆葡萄糖含量的升高,血浆胰岛素含量的升高相对延迟,而肌肉和肝脏中IR-1 mRNA相对表达量的提高又延迟于血浆胰岛素含量的升高,从而加重了尼罗罗非鱼对葡萄糖的代谢负担。     

Repeated post-exercise administration with a mixture of leucine and glucose alters the plasma amino acid profile in Standardbred trotters

Background

The branched chain amino acid leucine is a potent stimulator of insulin secretion. Used in combination with glucose it can increase the insulin response and the post exercise re-synthesis of glycogen in man. Decreased plasma amino acid concentrations have been reported after intravenous or per oral administration of leucine in man as well as after a single per oral dose in horses. In man, a negative correlation between the insulin response and the concentrations of isoleucine, valine and methionine have been shown but results from horses are lacking. This study aims to determine the effect of repeated per oral administration with a mixture of glucose and leucine on the free amino acid profile and the insulin response in horses after glycogen-depleting exercise.

Methods

In a crossover design, after a glycogen depleting exercise, twelve Standardbred trotters received either repeated oral boluses of glucose, 1 g/kg body weight (BW) at 0, 2 and 4 h with addition of leucine 0.1 g/kg BW at 0 and 4 h (GLU+LEU), or repeated boluses of water at 0, 2 and 4 h (CON). Blood samples for analysis of glucose, insulin and amino acid concentrations were collected prior to exercise and over a 6 h post-exercise period. A mixed model approach was used for the statistical analyses.

Results

Plasma leucine, isoleucine, valine, tyrosine and phenylalanine concentrations increased after exercise. Post-exercise serum glucose and plasma insulin response were significantly higher in the GLU+LEU treatment compared to the CON treatment. Plasma leucine concentrations increased after supplementation. During the post-exercise period isoleucine, valine and methionine concentrations decreased in both treatments but were significantly lower in the GLU+LEU treatment. There was no correlation between the insulin response and the response in plasma leucine, isoleucine, valine and methionine.

Conclusions

Repeated post-exercise administration with a mixture of leucine and glucose caused a marked insulin response and altered the plasma amino acid profile in horses in a similar manner as described in man. However, the decreases seen in plasma amino acids in horses seem to be related more to an effect of leucine and not to the insulin response as seen in man.     

石房蛤毒素单克隆抗体的制备及其特性研究

将石房蛤毒素（Saxitoxin,STX）与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)偶联构建完全抗原STX-BSA,免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过杂交瘤技术获得1株稳定分泌抗STX单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,单抗亚类为IgM。体内诱生法收集腹水单抗,间接ELISA方法测定抗体效价为1∶102400,抗体亲和常数为3.71×106 L/mol。     

乳猪体内糖类的消化和吸收研究

乳猪小肠内葡萄糖的分布状况既与饲料的碳水化合物种类和数量相关，也与小肠的不同部位相关，十二指肠段和空肠段分别是乳糖、淀粉类碳水化合物分解和葡萄糖吸收的主要部位血糖浓度离肝脏越远含量越低，而与饲料中糖类含量的多少无关。