黑杨无性系日CO2固定总量的测定及与苗木生产潜势的相关性研究

通过对不同基因型黑杨无性系植株净光合速率日变化曲线与光合主体叶面积在时间和光强上进行累计积分来计算植株日CO2固定总量P。由于净光合速率日变化曲线不易准确测得，故以光响应曲线和光强的日变化来推测净光合速率日变化。对P值和生物量的相关性研究表明，二者的相关性很高。且认为可以用计算出的P值作为评估苗木生产潜势的指标之一，这为育种中生产力的早期选择提供了有力的证据。     

Gene Flow Analysis of Phytophthora porri Reveals a New Species: Phytophthora brassicae Sp. Nov.

Isozyme analysis and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS-1 and ITS-2) and the 5.8S subunit of the ribosomal DNA gene repeat were used to examine whether isolates of Phytophthora porri from Allium and Brassica represent a single homogeneous species. Twenty-six strains of P. porri, 16 strains isolated from the genus Allium, and 10 strains isolated from the genus Brassica, were analyzed using malate dehydrogenase (MDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), represented altogether by four putative loci (Mdh-2, Idh-1, Idh-2, and Ldh-2). Isozyme analysis revealed that strains isolated from Allium contained five private alleles at three isozyme loci (Ldh-2 ⁸³, Ldh-2 ¹⁰⁴, Idh-1 ¹⁰⁸, Idh-1 ¹¹², and Idh-2 ⁹⁸), whereas six different alleles were observed at four isozyme loci (Ldh-2 ⁸⁵, Ldh-2 ¹⁰⁰, Ldh-2 ¹¹⁴, Idh-1 ¹⁰⁰, Idh-2 ¹⁰⁰, and Mdh-2 ¹¹¹) in strains obtained from Brassica. The heterozygosity at the Ldh-2 locus, differing in allele composition, however, between strains from Allium and Brassica, was present in all strains, indicating that it is probably fixed. Sequence analysis of the ITS regions and the 5.8S subunit showed consistent differences between isolates from Allium and isolates from Brassica. Based on isozyme data, ITS sequence analysis and formerly published differences in restriction enzyme patterns of mitochondrial DNA, morphology and pathogenicity, it was concluded that the isolates of P. porri Foister did not represent a homogeneous species. Isolates from Brassica constitute a distinct species which is described here as P. brassicae sp. nov. It was inferred from isozyme patterns, which were in no case intermediate between the two species, that P. porri and P. brassicae do not hybridize and are reproductively isolated by barriers to gene flow.     

长期施肥条件下菜田—蔬菜生态系统变化的研究( Ⅳ) 蔬菜生态系统的变化

 以2002 年设施番茄栽培为代表计算其N、P、K投入量与携出量之间的表观平衡状态, 其结果基本上和14.5 年后的土壤实测值与设施栽培本底值之间纵向比较的增长关系一致, 前者只能说明系统养分变化的趋势, 后者才是实际的养分盈亏状态, 养分盈亏主要取决于有机肥的施用与养分元素的供给。5个代表性处理模拟了蔬菜施肥的不同现状, 从土壤肥力及产量等方面的变化真实反映出各自的系统变化及发展趋势, 在本试验条件下以ANK施肥下的系统最优。对有机肥施用、化学肥料的配施以及测土施肥等问题进行了探讨。     

Influence of salinity and moisture on the threshold shear velocity of saline sand in the Qarhan Desert,Qaidam Basin of China: A wind tunnel experiment

Determination of the threshold shear velocity is essential for predicting sand transport, dust release and desertification. In this study, a wind tunnel experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of salinity and moisture on the threshold shear velocity of saline sand. Saline sand samples (mean particle size of 164.50-186.08 μm and the total silt, clay and salt content of 0.80%-8.25%) were collected from three saline sand dunes (one barchan dune and two linear dunes) in the Qarhan Desert, Qaidam Basin of China. Original saline sand samples were placed in two experimental trays for wet and dry processing to simulate deliquescence and desiccation, respectively. Surface moisture content ranging from 0.30% to 1.90% was generated by the steam method so that the saline sand can absorb water in a saturated water vapor environment. The motion of sand particles was determined by the observers with a solid laser. The laser sheet (0.80 cm thick), which was emitted by the solid laser, horizontally covered the sand surface and was bound to the sand. Results show that the cohesion of saline sand results from a combination of salt and water. The threshold shear velocity increases exponentially with the increase in crust thickness for the linear sand dunes. There is a positive linear correlation between the original moisture content and relative threshold shear velocity. The threshold shear velocity of dewatered sand is greater than that of wet sand with the same original moisture content. Our results will provide valuable information about the sand transport of highly saline soil in the desert.     

Monitoring desertification processes in Mongolian Plateau using MODIS tasseled cap transformation and TGSI time series

Most remote sensing studies assess the desertification using vegetation monitoring method. But it has the insufficient precision of vegetation monitoring for the limited vegetation cover of the desertification region. Therefore, it offers an alternative approach for the desertification research to assess sand dune and sandy land change using remote sensing in the desertification region. In this study, the indices derived from the well-known tasseled cap transformation(TCT), tasseled cap angle(TCA),disturbance index(DI), process indicator(PI), and topsoil grain size index(TGSI) were integrated to monitor and assess the desertification at the thirteen study sites including sand dunes and sandy lands distributed in the Mongolian Plateau(MP) from 2000 to 2015. A decision tree was used to classify the desertification on a regional scale. The average overall accuracy of 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 desertification classification was higher than 90%. Results from this study indicated that integration of the advantages of TCA, DI and TGSI could better assess the desertification. During the last 16 years, Badain Jaran Desert, Tengger Desert, and Ulan Buh Desert showed a relative stabilization. Otindag Sandy Land and the deserts of Khar Nuur, Ereen Nuur, Tsagan Nuur, Khongoryn Els, Hobq, and Mu Us showed a slow increasing of desertification, whereas Bayan Gobi, Horqin and Hulun Buir sandy lands showed a slow decreasing of desertification. Compared with the other 11 sites, the fine sand dunes occupied the majority of the Tengger Desert, and the coarse sandy land occupied the majority of the Horqin Sandy Land. Our findings on a three or four years' periodical fluctuated changes in the desertification may possibly reflect changing precipitation and soil moisture in the MP. Further work to link the TCA, DI,TGSI, and PI values with the desertification characteristics is recommended to set the thresholds and improve the assessment accuracy with field investigation.     

定甩刀防缠式香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机设计与试验

针对香蕉秸秆粉碎机具缠绕造成秸秆粉碎率不达标等问题,该研究设计了一种定甩刀防缠式香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机。在粉碎过程中,粉碎定刀与高速运转中的Y型甩刀对香蕉秸秆形成三点支撑,进而实现秸秆粉碎与避免秸秆缠绕。其中,Y型甩刀由2个L型刀片组合的Y型粉碎刀与甩刀构成。确定了各关键部件的结构参数、动定刀排列组合方式及香蕉秸秆粉碎过程受力分析,明确了影响粉碎效果的主要因素为机具前进速度、粉碎刀辊转速以及Y型甩刀折弯角。以前进速度、刀辊转速和甩刀折弯角为试验因素,以香蕉秸秆粉碎合格率和抛撒不均匀度为评价指标,进行三水平三因素正交田间试验,确定优化参数组合为前进速度1.85 m/s,刀辊转速1 500 r/min,Y型甩刀片折弯角140°,此时香蕉秸秆粉碎合格率为95.1%,抛撒不均匀度为14.6%,满足香蕉秸秆粉碎作业性能要求。与已有秸秆粉碎机进行性能对比试验,结果表明,该研究研制的定甩刀防缠式香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机秸秆粉碎合格率提高了1.7个百分点,防缠性能更优。该机具的研制对解决蕉区秸秆粉碎还田关键技术问题具有重要意义和应用价值。     

基于无人机技术黄河沿岸沙丘移动速度监测及影响因素分析

为更便捷地监测乌兰布和沙漠黄河沿岸沙丘移动速度并解析其影响因素,该研究以乌兰布和沙漠沿黄段沙丘为研究对象,应用无人机航拍技术开展沿岸沙丘的季节性地貌过程和影响因素研究。结果表明:1)研究区沙丘年移动速率1.08～2.27 m/a,多年平均输沙势为78.82 VU,年合成输沙势为25.92 VU,处于低风能环境,8～12 m/s等级风输沙势是年输沙势的主要部分,约占73.24%。方向变率(合成输沙势(Resultant Drift Potential,RDP)与输沙势(Drift Potential,DP)的比值)RDP/DP保持在0.30～0.46之间,属于中等变率。合成输沙方向RDD为57.83°～107.39°,与沙丘移动方向较为一致,西风组占全年输沙势的52.09%,是沙丘年移动的主要驱动力。2)沙丘移动速率具有明显的季节特征,整体呈现春季移动速率快,冬末-春初次之,秋季与秋末-冬末相近,夏季移动速率最慢。其中,秋末-冬末、春季和秋季输沙势DP 8.48～20.49 VU,合成输沙势方向在90.02°～95.54°之间,RDP/DP值均在0.3～0.8之间,属于中等变率,西风组作用显著,这与年合成输沙方向及沙丘走向较为一致;冬末-春初和春末-夏季分别受东北风(NE)和南风组(SSE、S、SSW)作用,沙丘通过形态变化适应风向,移动速度降缓。季节输沙势主要集中在8～10m/s风速等级,约占整个季节输沙势的40.76%～56.93%。3)综合各季节和年际输沙势与沙丘移动距离呈线性正相关,拟合方程为y=1.02+0.006 62x(R~2=0.339,F=5.616,P=0.045),方程总体显著,输沙势可以表征该地区沙丘移动距离。基于无人机监测的沙丘运动研究综合显示,风况是该地区影响该地区沙丘移动的主要动力,其中西风组8 m/s以上风速是研究区沙丘移动的主要驱动力。风向变率和合成输沙势方向与沙丘移动方向一致时沙丘移动则快,不一致时则缓;无人机可在较大尺度上为沙丘移动提供更为便捷的监测服务,研究结果可为同类地区沙丘移动的无人机监测提供参考依据。     

固定式割胶机器人割胶误差分析与精度控制

针对固定式自动割胶设备成本高、质量大和割胶精度低等问题,该研究提出一种采用高分子材料制作的固定式割胶机器人,提出一种先扫描后切割的割胶控制方式.利用超声波传感器预先扫描树围,通过建立测量误差控制模型得到刀尖与树皮的距离,利用PID控制算法控制刀具进给量.为减少进退刀次数和降低电机功率损耗,根据橡胶树皮结构和割胶技术规程...     

柴达木盆地沙丘移动的空间分异及对形态参数的响应

研究沙丘移动规律与空间分异特征有助于准确了解风沙活动的危害程度,为区域城镇规划和青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设提供参考。该研究基于GoogleEarth软件测量横向沙丘的形态参数与移动速度,分析了移动速度与方向的空间分异特征,以及移动速度对形态参数的响应。结果表明,1)柴达木盆地内沙丘移动速度介于0～23.53 m/a之间,平均4.66 m/a,以中速(1～5 m/a)为主(53.73%),中部移动最快(5.22±4.27 m/a),东南部最慢(3.27±3.08 m/a),移动方向与主风向一致;2)沙丘移动速度与宽度的相关性最好(R~2=0.988),以后的研究中需多关注沙丘宽度这一参数;3)从柴达木盆地整体看,降水量越大、风速越低,沙丘移动越慢;从局部看,植被覆盖度越大,沙丘移动越慢;4)密集的河流可阻挡沙丘移动,保护格尔木市区,但不能消除沙丘移动的威胁。     

围封对流动沙丘表层土壤有机碳、全氮和活性有机碳的影响

以流动沙丘为对照,研究不同围封年限(14年和26年)下科尔沁退化沙质草地表层(0-15cm)土壤有机碳、全氮及活性有机碳的变化。结果表明:流动沙丘围封显著提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量,14年和26年围封样地SOC、TN、LFOC和MBC含量均随围封年限的增加而增加,且0-5cm层增幅高于5-15cm层。14年和26年围封样地土壤碳氮比显著高于流动沙丘,但2个围封样地之间差异不显著。流动沙丘围封也显著增加了表层SOC、TN、LFOC和MBC储量,0-15cm土层SOC、TN、LFOC和MBC储量均表现为26年围封地>14年围封地>流动沙丘。相关分析表明,LFOC、MBC均与SOC存在极显著正相关关系,说明LFOC和MBC均可作为衡量土壤有机碳变化的敏感指标。