Synergistic and antagonistic effects of atrazine on the toxicity of organophosphorodithioate and organophosphorothioate insecticides to Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae)

The acute toxicities of two organophosphorodithioate (dimethoate and disulfoton) and two organophosphorothioate (omethoate and demeton-S-methyl) insecticides were evaluated individually and in binary combination with the herbicide atrazine using fourth-instar larvae of the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans. Atrazine alone up to 1000 μg/L did not show significant toxicity to the midges in a 48-h bioassay. However, atrazine concentrations as low as 1 μg/L in combination with dimethoate at EC₂₅ (concentration to affect 25% of tested midges), 100 μg/L in combination with disulfoton (EC₂₅), and 10 μg/L in combination with demeton-S-methyl (EC₂₅) significantly enhanced the toxicity of each organophosphate insecticide. In contrast, atrazine concentrations of 10 μg/L and above in combination with omethoate (EC₂₅) significantly decreased the toxicity of the insecticide. Biochemical analysis indicated that increased toxicity of dimethoate, disulfoton, and demeton-S-methyl in binary combination with atrazine correlated to the increased inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Furthermore, cytochrome P450-dependent O-deethylation activity in the midges exposed to atrazine at 1000 μg/L was 1.5-fold higher than that in the control midges. Thus, atrazine appeared to induce cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the midges. Elevated cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity may increase the toxicities of dimethoate, disulfoton, and demeton-S-methyl by enhancing the oxidative activation of dimethoate into omethoate, and disulfoton and demeton-S-methyl into their sulfoxide analogs with increased anticholinesterase activity. In contrast, atrazine reduced the toxicity of omethoate possibly by enhancing the oxidative metabolic detoxification since omethoate does not require oxidative activation.     

不同类型有机物料的有机磷组成及生物有效性

[目的]研究不同有机物料的有机磷组成及其作为磷源施用后的供磷能力,为化肥磷的有机替代奠定理论基础.[方法]供试有机物料包括粪肥类(猪粪、羊粪)、绿肥类(豌豆、苜蓿和绿豆)、秸秆类(小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和油菜秸秆).分析了8种有机物料的全磷、有机磷含量和C/P值,采用Bowman-Cole方法测定了有机磷中的活性(LOP)...     

CYP450 epoxygenase/EET pathway attenuates adipose inflammation of obese mice through HIF-1α

AIM To investigate the effects of cytochrome P450 （CYP450） epoxygenase/epoxyeicosatrienoic acid （EET） pathway on insulin resistance in obese mice, and to explore the possible mechanisms. METHODS High-fat diet-induced obesity model was established in C57BL/6Cnc mice, and the obese mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, including obesity group （treated with saline; n=10）, EET group （treated with 11,12-EET; n=10） and EET inhibitor 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5（Z）-enoic acid （EEZE） group （n=10）. Normal C57BL/6Cnc mice （n=10） treated with saline served as control. Protein expression of CYP2J2 （one of CYP450 epoxygenases） and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α） was measured by Western blot. Vessel-like structure was detected by immunofluorescence staining. The serum levels of insulin, tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）, interleukin （IL）-1β, IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 （MCP-1） were measured by ELISA. RESULTS In obese mice, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） values were increased, the protein level of CYP2J2 was reduced, and the protein level of HIF-1α was increased in adipose tissues as compared with the controls （P<0.05）. The serum levels of MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were also significantly increased in obese mice （P<0.05）. After treatment with 11, 12-EET, the HOMA-IR values were decreased compared with vehicle-treated obese mice, HIF-1α expression levels were decreased in the adipose tissue, and the serum levels of MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were reduced （P<0.05）. Immunohistochemical results of adipose tissue from vehicle-treated obese mice showed a marked decrease in vessel-like structures （CD31-positive） compared with normal control mice （P<0.05）. EET treatment significantly increased the newly formed vessel-like structures in the visceral adipose tissues of obese mice as compared with vehicle-treated obese mice （P<0.05）. CONCLUSION High-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance are closely related to the CYP450 pathway. Exogenous EETs effectively decrease obesity-induced insulin resistance possibly through pro-angiogenesis and attenuation of hypoxia and inflammation.     

三种内生真菌与大花蕙兰共生对矿质营养吸收的影响

以从兰科植物出的内生真菌与大花蕙兰接种,均能形成菌根,其中ＧＣ９４１和ＧＣ９４５两种菌只侵染根的表皮细胞,在细胞内呈菌丝结结构,而ＧＣ９３４菌在侵染前期同前两和种真菌,后期菌丝可部分侵染皮层细胞,并呈疏松的分枝状结构。３种内生真菌可使幼苗茎叶干重比增施矿质营养但不接种真菌的处理（ＣＫ２）提高１７３．２％－２５０．１％,并对植株吸收Ｎ,Ｐ,Ｋ养分有促进作用,其中ＧＣ９４５菌使幼苗吸收Ｎ和Ｋ的量比ＣＫ     

旋毛虫p53糖蛋白抗原研究进展

旋毛虫p53糖蛋白是旋毛虫肌幼虫排泄分泌抗原的主要抗原组分之一,具有肌幼虫期特异表达特性,主要定位在肌幼虫β-杆细胞.不同旋毛虫种p53糖蛋白氨基酸序列相对保守,但抗原性有差异,在同一种内变异极少,具有种及属特异性抗原表位.论文就旋毛虫p53糖蛋白抗原的分子结构、不同发育时期的特异性表达、抗原性等方面的研究进展进行综述...     

禽呼肠孤病毒P17蛋白基因在大肠杆菌中的表达及其ELISA检测方法的建立

用设计合成的1对跨越禽呼肠孤病毒（ARV）P17非结构蛋白基因完整开放阅读框（ORF）的特异性引物，对ARVS1133株进行了RT-PCR扩增。扩增产物与pGEX-4T-1原核表达载体连接后，转化大肠杆菌BL21感受态细胞。经0．2mmol／LIPTG诱导，表达的融合蛋白分子质量为42.4ku，占茵体总蛋白的34％。表达产物P17蛋白经不同浓度尿素纯化后，纯度达到85％。Western-blotting显示，纯化的P17蛋白能与感染ARV的阳性血清反应，说明其具有抗原性。以此重组蛋白为包被抗原初步建立了用于鉴别检测ARV活病毒感染与灭活疫苗免疫的SPF鸡血清的ELISA。     

论体育教学环境及其优化

采用文献资料法和调查法对体育教学环境的主体因素进行分析、研究,提出体育教学环境由物质环境和心理环境两大因素构成。体育教学物质环境的优化应该从体育教学场所、设备与教学的组织两方面来进行;体育教学心理环境的优化应从教与学的形式、课堂心理气氛、人际关系三方面进行优化。     

广东鸡蛋果真菌病害调查初报

1989～1990年,对广州、惠州二市的鸡蛋果(Passiflora (?)is Sims)病害进行了调查,共鉴定10种病原真菌,包括2个新种:Phomopsis passiflorae J.F.Lu et P.K.Chi,引起果腐,及My-cosp(?)hella Passiflorae J.F.Lu et P.K.Chi,引起叶斑;1个新组合:sphoeropsis Passifloricola(Grove)J.F.Lu et P.K.Chi亦引起叶斑;2个国内新纪录:A(?)(?)(?)及Phommopsisterso(Sacc.)Sutton.但生产上为害最严重的是:Nectria haematocooca Berk.et Br.引起的茎基腐病及Ph(?) (?) VAr.p(?) (Dast.)Watern.引起的疫病,它们与病毒引起的花叶病是鸡蛋果生产中的三大病害。 新种及新组合的标本存华南农业大学植保系标本室。     

东海原甲藻在氮、磷限制胁迫下的补偿生长

以长江口及其邻近海域最重要的甲藻赤潮生物种东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu)为研究材料, 观察其对氮、磷营养限制胁迫的耐受程度以及恢复营养条件下补偿生长的情况。研究实验分营养限制和恢复营养两个阶段进行, 每个阶段均设置对照组、贫营养组、限氮组、限磷组和限氮限磷组。研究结果显示, 在氮、磷营养限制胁迫下, 东海原甲藻生长受到抑制, 其中磷限制对藻细胞生长的抑制作用最小, 氮磷共同限制的抑制作用最大。限磷组最大细胞密度为78×10⁴ cell·mL^–1, 与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05), 但显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05)。细胞各项生长参数和叶绿素a的含量, 与细胞密度类似, 其中限磷组的最大细胞日生长速率、最大平均相对生产率、最小细胞代时、最大叶绿素a含量分别为0.61 d^–1、0.44 d^–1、1.58 d和694.2 μg·μL^–1, 与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05), 而与其他处理组则有显著差异(P< 0.05)。藻细胞所受到抑制作用随着培养时间的推移而加强。后期, 限磷组和其他处理组的细胞密度均显著低于对照组(P<0.05), 处理组各细胞参数均显著劣于对照组(P<0.05)。在恢复营养的培养前期, 4个经过营养限制处理组的生长情况均显著优于持续营养正常条件下培养的对照组(P<0.05)。表明东海原甲藻细胞表现出较强的超补偿生长能力, 其中磷限制后表现出的超补偿能力最强。由此可知, 东海原甲藻补偿生长的主要特征表现为, 在恢复营养培养后, 各处理组比对照组细胞数增多, 叶绿素a含量增高, 细胞日生长速率和平均相对生长率提高, 细胞数净增率高达10.30%~80.95%, 细胞代时缩短。根据研究结果认为, 东海原甲藻具有较强的耐受低磷能力, 而在营养条件恢复情况下, 经历低磷胁迫的东海原甲藻又具有最强超补偿生长能力, 使得其在与硅藻竞争中居于优势, 这是东海原甲藻赤潮在中国沿海海域频繁暴发的原因之一。本研究旨在为揭示长江口及其邻近的东海海域甲藻赤潮逐年大规模暴发机理以及硅藻与甲藻赤潮种的演替现象提供依据。