桑枝枯菌核病病原菌的生物学特性研究

从发病桑树上分离到桑枝枯菌核病病原菌的纯菌种 ,并对该菌的培养性状和生物学特性进行了调查和研究。结果表明 :桑枝枯菌核病病原菌适于在PDA培养基和桑叶汁培养基上生长 ,其生长温度范围为 8～ 30℃ ,最适生长温度为 2 0～ 2 5℃ ,生长pH值范围为 1～ 12 ,最适生长pH值为 5～ 8,菌丝与菌核的生长情况大致相同 ;菌核在适宜的温湿度条件下能够产生子囊盘和子囊孢子 ,子囊孢子椭圆形 ,大小 7～ 14 μm× 3～ 7μm。     

The process of antagonism of Sclerotium cepivorum in white rot affected onion roots by Trichoderma koningii

Trichoderma koningii (strain Tr5) grew in the epidermal mucilage of onion roots without entering healthy epidermal tissue. When placed on the epidermis of Sclerotium cepivorum -infected roots, T. koningii colonized epidermal passage cells, with little colonization of other epidermal tissues, then branched and spread throughout the root cortical tissues damaged by enzymes and toxins which diffused ahead of S. cepivorum hyphae, and impeded the path of the infection. When T. koningii colonized infected tissue, many S. cepivorum hyphae became detached at septa, cell walls dissolved and many hyphal apices burst. Contact between hyphae was not necessary for lysis to occur. T. koningii produced two endochitinases ( R _f 0·15 and 0·24) and two exo-acting chitinolytic enzymes ( R _f 0·46 and 0·62) during degradation of crabshell chitin and S. cepivorum cell walls. The R f 0·24 and 0·46 proteins were detected when T. koningii colonized S. cepivorum -infected roots and are likely to be a component of the antagonism process.     

A fungistatic chromene from<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ageratum conyzoides</Emphasis>

Ageratum conyzoides L. is an annual herb in the tropics and subtropics whose extracts are known to possess pharmacological and biocidal activity. We report on the bioactivity of a secondary metabolite (a chromene) isolated from the shoots ofA. conyzoides against some plant pathogenic fungi. Organic solvent extracts from the shoots were tested for antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungiRhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Phomopsis theae andFusarium species growingin vitro on potato dextrose agar medium. The cruden-hexane extract completely inhibited the growth ofR. solani andS. rolfsii. Then-hexane extract was chromatographed over a column of silica gel followed by activity-guided fractionation to give an antifungal principle. Structure elucidation by detailed analysis of¹H,¹³C NMR and mass spectroscopy identified the active compound as precocene II. The growth ofR. solani andS. rolfsii was completely inhibited by precocene II at a concentration of 80–100 ppm. The sclerotia ofR. solani andS. rolfsii were also completely suppressed by 150 ppm of precocene II. Sub-culture of these inhibited fungi onto precocene II-free medium restored growth of the fungus, indicating that precocene II is fungistatic. Crude or refined extracts fromA. conyzoides offer the possibility of biocontrol of plant pathogenic fungi. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 11, 2004.     

核盘菌一些生理性状的观察

用８科１５种作物秸秆培养核盘菌所产生的菌核数量和消耗比差异很大，不同秸秆产生的菌核萌发情况也不尽相同。此外，菜瓜上产生的菌核在５～３０℃范围内均可萌发，萌发适宜温度为 ５～１５℃ ，以 １０℃ 最为适宜；菌核萌发产生子囊盘与光照强度关系密切，３００ ｌｘ时不产生子囊盘，５００ ｌｘ时菌核萌发后 １０ ｄ产生子囊盘率为 ５８． ８％，７６０ ｌｘ时菌核萌发后 ７ｄ产生子囊盘率为１００％。     

雷丸研究进展

从雷丸的临床应用、有效成分及其药理作用、人工培养等方面综述了近年来雷丸的研究进展。     

Influence, optimization, energy budgeting and monetary considerations of different time intervals between fungicidal seed treatment and sowing on Sclerotium blight of soybean

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is susceptible to the fungal pathogen, Sclerotium rolfsii from seedling emergence to pod fill. A few systemic and non-systemic fungicides have been recommended as pre-sowing seed treatment (ST) for the management of Sclerotium blight of soybean worldwide. But farmers, especially in developing countries do not utilize ST mainly on account of preoccupation in other practices considered by them essential for sowing. The possibility of ST applied well in advance of sowing was therefore investigated. Results indicated that ST on average increased field emergence by 26.19%, reduced post-emergence mortality (POM) by 49.03% and enhanced seed yield by 23.00%. Seed treatment with carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% @ 0.2% was the best. Seed treatment 50 days prior to sowing was superior by increasing emergence, reducing POM and enhancing seed yield with high monetary returns and energy output.     

小绒泡菌子实体和菌核诱导研究

[目的]探讨小绒泡菌子实体和菌核诱导。[方法]利用液体发酵和有饲培养相结合的方法对小绒泡菌原质团进行培养,并对其子实体和菌核进行了诱导,确定其最佳培养条件。[结果]原质团在饥饿条件下,通过对光照和温度的调节获得了小绒泡菌在不同培养温度下形成子实体的最佳条件。小绒泡菌在固体培养基上既可获得子实体也可获得菌核,其最佳培养条件分别为26℃、6000lx和22℃、3000lx。[结论]为农业生产中尽量减少黏菌对农作物造成的损失提供了理论依据。     

烟草白绢病病原鉴定及生物学特性

[目的]明确烟草白绢病病原并了解其生物学特性.[方法]在实验室条件下研究烟草白绢病菌的形态特征和生物学特性.[结果]引起烟草白绢病的病原菌为齐整小核菌(Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.);该菌的生长温度范围为10～38℃,最适温度为34℃;生长的pH范围为4～11,最适pH为8;该菌在NaNO2培养基上不能生长;紫外光照对白绢菌丝生长有一定的抑制作用,随着紫外光照时间的延长,白绢菌形成的菌核数量减少.[结论]试验结果为烟草白绢病的防治提供了参考.     

水稻秆腐菌核病药剂防治试验研究

通过水稻秆腐菌核病菌对不同药剂的室内毒力测定和田间防治试验。结果表明，25％施保克Ec抑制菌丝生长效果最好，50％多菌灵Wp次之。两种药剂的适宜用量，25％施保克Ec为1125mL/hm^2，50％多菌灵Wp为1500g/hm^2。     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌菌剂对花生白绢病的田间防效及作用机理研究

为探究贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（Bacillus velezensis）菌剂对花生白绢病的田间防治效果,以花生品种“鲁花14”为试验材料,通过拌土和喷洒方式接种微生物菌剂,研究了微生物菌剂对花生生长指标、病情指数和产量的影响,并初步探究其生防机制。结果表明,使用贝莱斯芽孢杆菌菌剂可降低花生白绢病的病情指数,增加结果数和百仁重,提高花生产量;以拌土处理效果最佳。微生物菌剂一定程度上可提高土壤真菌群落的多样性,但对土壤细菌群落多样性影响较小;对花生根中的苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性无显著影响。研究结果为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌菌剂在花生白绢病病害防治方面的应用研究提供了理论基础,为其生物农药的开发提供了思路。