Drivers of Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. et Schult growth and impact on forage quality in lowland Switzerland meadows

Invasive grasses (especially Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. et Schult) increasingly threaten meadows and pastures as a consequence of human impact and climate change. We conducted a study in 2012 and in 2013 to better understand the growing cycle and the influence of S. pumila on forage quality of lowland meadows. We observed a rapid increase of S. pumila presence and phytomass on the southern side of the Alps across the growing season. We measured (i) above‐ground phytomass, with a modified Corral‐Fenlon method; (ii) botanical composition using the linear point quadrat method; and (iii) grassland chemical composition by NIRs (near‐infrared spectroscopy) analyses. To test the hypothesis that S. pumila summer growth is related to specific climatic conditions, meteorological data (temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration) were collected from meteorological stations near the study sites. Total phytomass was sorted into S. pumila and other species. We used a generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) and found the abundance of S. pumila to be inversely correlated with rainfall and the presence of other species, but positively correlated with temperature increase. The increase of S. pumila above‐ground phytomass production was linked to a reduction of forage quality.     

四种植物内生真菌对三种烟草病原真菌的拮抗作用

采用研磨法,从烟田杂草中分离得到4种对烟草病原真菌拮抗作用较强的内生真菌。对峙试验发现,内生真菌覆盖或包围病菌,病菌菌落与对照比较均减小。镜检结果表明：赤星病菌不产孢,根黑腐病菌产孢,孢子大小比正常的孢子小4．872μm×31．84μm;镰刀菌只产生厚垣孢子,病原菌菌丝生长畸形,严重影响了病原真菌的生长。这一研究成果为寻求烟草病害的生物防治扩大了拮抗菌的筛选范围。     

草甘膦与2,4-D混用对柑橘园杂草的防治效果

研究了10.8％草甘膦·2,4-D水剂(AS)对柑橘园杂草的田间防治效果.结果表明,10.8％草甘膦·2,4-D AS制剂用量15 750～31 500 mL/hm2几乎对所有禾本科、阔叶类和其他类杂草均有较好的防治效果,防效与41％草甘膦异丙胺盐AS制剂用量4 116 mL/hm2相当,显著优于72％ 2,4-D丁酯EC制剂用量8 100 mL/hm2的防效,作用较快,持效期较长.     

抗虫耐除草剂棉花生存竞争能力研究

本试验对抗虫耐除草剂棉花639017、当地棉花冀棉106在两种土壤类型条件下开展生存竞争能力研究。结果表明:正常播种条件下,抗虫耐除草剂棉花和冀棉106在大坝沙壤土出苗率低于5%,在试验基地壤土出苗率低于10%,两种土壤类型下,棉花覆盖度均远低于杂草覆盖度,棉花株高仅20 cm左右,未完成正常生长发育。在地表撒播试验中,试验棉花均未出苗。另外栽培地竞争试验中,抗虫耐除草剂棉花株高及产量均低于冀棉106,部分生育期差异显著。表明:外源基因的导入并未增强抗虫耐除草剂棉花的生存竞争能力,因此,抗虫耐除草剂棉花无杂草化风险。     

一种基于航空可见光图像的烟草数量统计方法

传统烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)数量清点工作主要依靠人工现场抽样的方式,这种方法费时、费力且统计误差较大。针对这一缺点,提出一种基于航空可见光图像处理的烟草数量统计方法。利用无人机所获取的高分辨率影像,采用K-means聚类方法对烟田图像进行图像分割分类,提取图像中绿色植物部分,提取颜色、面积、长宽比等简单特征对杂草进行预剔除,通过构建烟株与杂草样本库,利用灰度梯度共生矩阵,提取其灰度平均、梯度均方差、相关、惯性等4种特征参量,并基于BP神经网络算法进一步对杂草进行识别,剔除杂草,统计烟株,提取连通域数量,即为烟株数量。     

进境美国大豆杂草和杂质含量研究

自装载美国大豆的外轮货舱中取样,研究进口美国大豆携带杂草和杂质的含量关系:取样量为5 kg/1 000 t,是能反映进口大豆中杂草和杂质含量关系的最低取样量;把进口美国大豆杂质含量划分为1.5%、1.5%~2.0%和2.0%3个区间,其携带杂草含量和种类与杂质含量呈显著的正相关;进口大豆中携带杂草含量高的,检出频率也相对高,但检出的杂草总种类数少于杂草含量低的;杂草含量低的,检出频率也相对低,但检出的杂草总种类数多于杂草含量高的。     

Epiphytic life is the main characteristic of the life cycle ofPseudomonas syringae pv.pisi,pea bacterial blight agent

Pseudomonas syringae pv.pisi, pea bacterial blight agent, is seed-transmitted. Some aspects of its life cycle and its biology were investigated. The colonization of pea plants obtained from naturally infected seeds was studied in natural conditions while high populations of bacteria developed on plants showing no symptoms. Two streptomycin-resistant mutants were used to study the epiphytic life of the pathogen. Populations were monitored in different host-parasite compatibilities. When race 2 or race 6 of the pathogen was surface-inoculated on susceptible cultivars, a decrease of population size was observed during the following one to three days but was followed by an increase to levels 1000 times greater than the initial number detected, without symptoms for most of the plants. When race 2 was surface-inoculated on resistant genotypes or race 6 on non-host plants, bacteria did not multiply but population levels slightly decreased.Pseudomonas syringae pv.pisi shows a resident phase and its development is race-specific. Weeds collected in naturally contaminated pea fields, diseased or not, often harboured the pathogen but with levels smaller than those observed on peas. Pea crop debris and volunteers kept high levels of bacteria for at least eight months after the harvest of a diseased crop. As long as two pea crops are not grown one after the other in the same field, it is unlikely that debris and volunteers will act as an important inoculum source. The development of this pathogen during the growing season is considered as an important parameter to take into account for controlling the disease through seed health testing.     

深圳碧海湾高尔夫球场草坪春季杂草及防除策略研究

对深圳碧海湾高尔夫球场草坪进行调查,发现春季草坪杂草有95种,分属26科80属。阔叶杂草有75种,占杂草总数的78.95%;半日子叶杂草20种,占杂草总数的21.05%。对球道和长草区或边坡的杂草发生特点分别进行分析。针对杂草的发生来源和特点,提出了草坪杂草的防除策略。     

Three<Emphasis Type="Italic">Orobanche</Emphasis> species newly found on crops in israel

Orobanche amethystea Thuill.,O. loricata Reichenb. andO. pubescens D’Urv. were found to parasitize the roots of cultivated plants in Israel.Orobanche pubescens is known from the local flora, and was now found to cause damage in parsley fields and toTropaeolum majus L. (nasturtium) in ornamental gardens.Orobanche amethystea andO. loricata are known as occasional weeds in Europe and were recently found for the first time in Israel.Orobanche amethystea densely populated vetch fields in Israel, andO. loricata was found in ornamental gardens. A key for the identification ofOrobanche species in cultivated areas in Israel is given, based on morphological features. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 13, 2002.     

草坪阔叶杂草防除技术研究

在2001～2002年两年间,应用百草敌、2,4-D丁酯乳油、2-甲-4-氯丙酸及混合药剂对青海大学农牧学院草业科学系试验地草坪杂草进行防除试验。结果表明:百草敌、2,4-D丁酯乳油及混合药剂I对几种主要杂草防除效果比较好,与对照相比30 d能达100％,而且两种混合药剂有增效作用,扩大了除草剂的使用范围。