Growth pattern of Juncus effusus and Juncus conglomeratus in response to cutting frequency

Increasing abundance of Juncus effusus (soft rush) and Juncus conglomeratus (compact rush) in pastures and meadows in western Norway has caused reductions in forage yield and quality in recent decades. Understanding plant development and regrowth following cutting is essential in devising cost‐effective means to control rushes. In a field experiment in western Norway, we investigated development of above‐ and below‐ground fractions of rush from seedlings to three‐year‐old plants, including the impact on vigour of disturbing growth by different cutting frequencies during the period 2009–2012. Each year, the plants were exposed to one or two annual cuts or left untreated and five destructive samplings were performed from March to early December. Juncus effusus showed significantly more vigorous growth than Juncus conglomeratus in the last two years of the study period. The above‐ground:below‐ground biomass ratio of both species increased mainly in spring and early summer and was reduced in late summer and autumn. Removal of aerial shoots also reduced the below‐ground fraction of both species. One annual cut in July effectively reduced biomass production in both species by 30–82%, which was only a slightly smaller reduction than with two annual cuts, in June and August. Mechanical control measures such as cutting can thus effectively reduce rush vigour when performed late in the growing season.     

Effects of selective cutting and timing of herbicide application on growth and development of Cirsium arvense in spring barley

Recently, a new implement for controlling weeds in cereals (CombCut) has been developed. It cuts weeds in growing cereals without damaging them by using the physical differences (in height, stem thickness, straw stiffness and branching pattern) between crops and weeds. To evaluate and compare the effects of selective cutting with different timings of herbicide application on Cirsium arvense in spring barley, a randomised block experiment was conducted in Sweden in 2015–2017, in a field with a naturally occurring C. arvense population. Treatments consisted of control (C), herbicide application at 4–5‐leaf stage of C. arvense (H1), herbicide application at 8–10‐leaf stage (H2) and selective cutting at 10‐leaf stage (S). The treatments were performed in 2015 and repeated in 2016 in the same plots, and a final evaluation was performed in 2017. Compared to the control, S, H1 and H2 were equally efficient in reducing above‐ground biomass production of C. arvense and increasing spring barley grain yield per unit area. The number of C. arvense shoots per area was, however, higher in S compared to H1 and H2. No differences in control effects on shoot number were observed between H1 and H2. Our study indicates that (i) selective cutting (S) reduces C. arvense equally efficient as herbicide application and (ii) early herbicide spraying is as efficient as spraying later in the season.     

土壤日晒在绿色植保中的应用与展望

土壤消毒主要用于土壤病虫草害防控。过去几十年,土壤主要采用化学药品熏蒸消毒,不合理使用容易造成环境污染。土壤蒸汽消毒、火焰消毒和热水浇灌等需要专门的仪器设备,且存在能耗较高、灭生性强、容易破坏土壤结构等缺点。目前,土壤日晒技术受到意大利、美国、以色列等70多个国家农业科学家的广泛关注,但在中国依然处于初级阶段。本文总结了国内外学者关于土壤日晒对农业病虫草害、土壤肥力、农作物产量等方面的影响与应用,分析了土壤日晒存在的局限性,并对土壤日晒在未来农业绿色防控上的应用前景进行了展望,以期为农产品无公害生产提供理论依据和实践参考。     

黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田杂草组成及群落特征

为明确黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田杂草组成及群落特征,采用倒置W型九点取样法对黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田杂草进行了调查,并进行了区域聚类分析。调查结果表明:从杂草种类来看,黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田杂草共有49种,隶属于17科45属,其中禾本科、菊科、十字花科和石竹科种类最多,分别有10、8、7和6种;从杂草优势度来看,优势杂草有7种,分别为看麦娘Alopecurus aequalis、硬草Sclerochloa kengiana、猪殃殃Galium aparine、牛繁缕Malachium aquaticum、稻槎菜Lapsana apogonoides、荠菜Capsella bursa-pastoris、日本看麦娘A. japonicus,区域性优势杂草有6种,分别为野老鹳草Geranium carolinianum、碎米芥Cardamine hirsuta、大巢菜Vicia gigantea、通泉草Mazus japonicus、菵草Beckmannia syzigachne、委陵菜Potentilla chinensis,这13种杂草是构成黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田的主要杂草,此外还分布有一般性杂草36种;从杂草区域分布来看,江苏省北部稻麦轮作区小麦田物种丰富度最高,有40种,明显高于其它稻麦轮作区小麦田,香农指数和均匀度指数也以该区域最高,分别为2.63和0.71,辛普森指数则以山东省临沂库灌稻麦区最高,为0.27。聚类分析结果表明,黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田杂草群落可以划分为4组,河南省南部稻麦轮作区和山东省临沂库灌稻麦轮作区杂草群落结构相似构成1组,河南省北部沿黄稻麦轮作区和山东省沿黄稻麦轮作区杂草群落结构相似构成1组;江苏省北部稻麦轮作区和山东省济宁滨湖稻麦轮作区各自单独成组。     

Weed competition in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) in the Jordan Valley

A field experiment was carried out in 1996/1997 and repeated in 1997/1998 at the Jordan University Research Station located in the central Jordan Valley to determine the effect of weed competition on growth and yield of cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. botrytis cv. “White Cloud”. The treatments consisted of either allowing weeds to infest the crop or maintaining plots weed-free for increasing durations after transplanting. Results showed that longer periods of weed/cauliflower competition greatly reduced crop growth and head yield. Average reductions in shoot dry weight and head yield were 81% and 89%, respectively. Maintaining a weed-free crop for any period after transplanting increased cauliflower growth and head yield compared with the weed-infested control. Weed competition for 14 days after transplanting reduced cauliflower average head yield by 41%. To determine the critical period of weed competition and the influence of weed infestation on cauliflower head yield the Gompertz and logistic equations were fitted to data representing increasing duration of weed-free and weed-infested periods, respectively. Based upon an arbitrary 5% level of head yield loss, the critical period of weed competition occurred at 0–38 days after cauliflower transplanting which corresponded with the rapid increase in weed biomass. Results indicated that early weed removal is necessary to prevent yield loss.     

基于图像处理的杂草叶片识别参数研究

杂草种类繁多、危害严重,对杂草种类进行精确识别,可以提高除草效率,减少除草剂使用量,降低其对环境的污染.为此,应用图像处理的有关技术,以杂草叶片为研究对象,以形态、纹理和颜色特征相结合的方法来描述杂草叶片信息,提出了共16个特征参数可对杂草叶片信息进行精确描述,该特征参数可区别不同种类的杂草,为农药的精确投放和现代施药装备的开发奠定基础.     

中国部分稻种资源的化感控制杂草潜力评价

采用人工气候箱结合田间小区试验,从我国部分水稻种质资源中筛选获得了2份具有化感潜力的水稻品种（系）,其中我国台湾品种蚁公包幼苗对无芒稗根长影响因子RRL为0.43,其叶片水浸提液对无芒稗和莴苣根长抑制率分别达到45%和85%,在田间对无芒稗茎数和植株鲜质量的控制效果分别为22.0%和26.1%。云南品种地谷幼苗对无芒稗的植株高度影响因子RSH和植株干质量影响因子RPDW分别为0.62和0.58, 叶片水浸提液对无芒稗和莴苣根长抑制率分别达到53%和65%,在田间对无芒稗茎数和植株鲜质量的控制效果分别达到51.5%和46.1%。 蚁公包对莴苣的控制效果和地谷对无芒稗的控制效果均显著高于美国化感潜力品种PI312777。蚁公包和地谷是我国宝贵的化感潜力品种资源。     

Growth and development of Cirsium arvense in relation to herbicide dose,timing of herbicide application and crop presence

The aim of this study is to assess control effects of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) dosage, application timing and crop presence on the weed Cirsium arvense. Swedish farmers are recommended to control C. arvense chemically when most shoots are 10-20 cm tall, and mechanically at the compensation point (CP). Recent studies have shown that the CP occurs before shoots reach the three-leaf stage. We hypothesised that (i) herbicide application near the three-leaf stage gives the strongest control, (ii) crop presence increases herbicide effects, and (iii) a 50% herbicide dose gives the same effect as 100%. Treatments of the pot experiment consisted of MCPA 750; 0%, 50% and 100% of the recommended dose applied at leaf stages 3-8, with and without barley. The strongest control was obtained at four leaves and a maximum shoot height of 13 cm, using the recommended dose and with spring barley. In a field population, a maximum shoot height of 13 cm corresponded to a medium height of 6 cm. The 50% dose gave poorer control. Spraying with the recommended dose at the four-leaf stage reduced the development of C. arvense most effectively. Based on this, we recommend that herbicide spraying should be performed at earlier leaf stages/median heights than previously recommended.     

有机无机肥配施对晚稻产量和杂草群落的影响

为探究不同施肥措施对晚稻产量和杂草群落的影响,以1982年布置的双季稻红壤稻田长期施肥定位试验为对象,于2011年采用田间调查法研究了在以无机肥(化肥NPK)与有机肥(M)氮磷钾养分等量条件下,长期施用有机肥、无机化肥和有机无机肥配施模式下晚稻生长发育、晚稻产量及稻田杂草群落变化。结果表明,施肥能促进晚稻生长发育,显著提高晚稻产量,配施效果优于单施,以有机无机均衡配施(NPKM)效果最佳,且其晚稻产量平均高出其他配施处理17.6%;在施用有机肥的基础上,要使红壤稻田晚稻增产,需优先考虑施用氮肥,其次依次是磷肥和钾肥。施肥处理中,单施化肥最能促进晚稻杂草生物量增加,且其杂草生物量平均高出其他施肥处理32.5%,其次是配施处理中的缺磷处理(NKM);单施有机肥最能提高晚稻杂草密度,有机无机均衡配施最能降低杂草密度,且其3个取样期杂草总密度平均低于其他施肥处理34.6%,尤其能遏制狗牙根等恶性杂草生长。氮磷钾养分较均衡的处理(M、NPK、NPKM)的晚稻杂草群落多样性、均匀度和优势度随着晚稻生长发育先升后降,其他处理(PKM、NKM、NPM)大致呈增加趋势,NPK的降幅最大,其成熟期杂草群落多样性、均匀度、优势度比始分蘖期分别降低了7.0%、17.8%、8.1%。晚稻产量与晚稻不同生育期杂草生物量均呈非显著负相关。本研究对红壤双季稻田通过施肥提高晚稻产量和调控晚稻季杂草生物量、群落密度、生物多样性具有重要意义。