Tolerance of four spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties to weed harrowing

We investigated the tolerance to weed harrowing of four spring barley varieties and examined the possible interactions between varietal weed suppressive ability and two nutrient levels. Tolerance was defined as the combined effect of crop resistance (ability to resist soil covering) and crop recovery (the ability to recover in terms of yield). The weed harrowing strategy was a combination of one pre‐ and one post‐emergence weed harrowing. In terms of yield, the four varieties responded significantly differently to weed harrowing and the response depended on nutrient level. At the lower nutrient level, weed harrowing caused an increase in yield of 4.4 hkg ha⁻¹ for a strong competitor (cv. Otira), while there was no effect on yield at the higher nutrient level. For a weaker competitor (cv. Brazil), weed harrowing caused no change in yield at the lower nutrient level, whereas yield decreased by 6.0 hkg ha⁻¹ at the higher nutrient level. There were marked differences between the weed suppressive ability of the four varieties when not harrowed, with less pronounced but significant differences when harrowed. Weed harrowing did not change the weed suppressive ability of a variety. Varieties that are tall at post‐emergence harrowing and have increased density after pre‐emergence harrowing, are the ones that benefit most from weed harrowing.     

Weed Allelopathy,Its Ecological Impacts and Future Prospects

Summary

The importance, characteristics, positive and negative impacts, and future role of weeds as an integral part of the natural and agroecosystems are evaluated and discussed. Interference between plants in nature and the importance of differentiating between competition and allelopathy are interpreted. Allelopathy as one component of weed/crop interference, allelochemicals from weed species and their possible mechanism of action are listed and discussed. Weed species with inhibitory action against cultivated crops, other weed species, and plant pathogens, as well as self-inhibitory (autopathic) species are reviewed. Stimulatory or inhibitory allelopathic effects of different crop plants, trapping and catching species, and the potential of allelopathic weeds in inhibiting or stimulating certain parasitic weed species are discussed and evaluated. Allelopathy as a mechanism and future strategy for agricultural pest control and farm management and the potential use and development of some allelochemicals as natural pesticides or plant growth regulators are also considered and discussed.     

玉米生长与地面覆盖栽培试验

在广州秋播玉米采用稻草覆盖与地膜覆盖和无覆盖相比，稻草覆盖的玉米产量和穗行数性状明显优越，穗长，行粒数，穗粗，千料重等性状也有较好的趋势。稻草和黑色地膜覆盖，均可减少杂草萌发，稻草覆盖处理中萌发的杂草，仍然会不断生长，但个体数量已大大减少。     

Mapping Ridolfia segetum patches in sunflower crop using remote sensing

Ridolfia segetum is a frequent umbelliferous weed in sunflower crops in the Mediterranean basin. Field and remote sensing research was conducted in 2003 and 2004 over two naturally infested fields to determine the potential of multispectral imagery for discrimination and mapping of R. segetum patches in sunflower crops. The efficiency of the four wavebands blue (B), green (G), red (R) and near‐infrared (NIR), selected vegetation indices and the spectral angle mapper (SAM) classification method were studied using aerial photographs taken in the late vegetative (mid‐May), flowering (mid‐June) and senescence (mid‐July) crop growth stages. Discrimination efficiency of R. segetum patches in sunflower crops is consistently affected by their phenological stages, in this order: flowering > senescence > vegetative. In both fields, R. segetum patches were efficiently discriminated in mid‐June, corresponding to the flowering phase, by using the waveband G, the ratio R/B or SAM with overall accuracies ranging from 85% to 98%. The application of the median‐filtering algorithm to any of the classified images improved the accuracy. Our results suggest that mapping R. segetum weed patches in sunflower to implement site‐specific weed management techniques is feasible with aerial photography when images are taken from 8 to 10 weeks before harvesting.     

紫云英腐解液对牛筋草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探讨不同腐解天数及不同浓度梯度紫云英的腐解液对牛筋草种子萌发及二叶期幼苗生长的影响,以牛筋草种子为材料进行发芽试验,测定发芽率等6个生理指标。采用不同浓度的紫云英腐解液对二叶期幼苗进行灌根处理,测定牛筋草叶片的保护酶活性、脯氨酸（Pro）和丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果表明：相同浓度腐解液处理条件下,随着腐解天数的增加,腐解液对牛筋草的抑制作用增强;腐解液对牛筋草的化感作用存在“低促高抑”的现象;当腐解时间超过2 d,腐解液处理浓度达到80%时,能100%抑制牛筋草种子萌发。牛筋草幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性随着腐解液浓度升高而下降;过氧化物酶（POD）在低浓度腐解液处理时酶活性下降,浓度大于30%时酶活性升高;过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在30%腐解液浓度内随着浓度升高而升高,80%时活性下降。当腐解液浓度≥2%时,随着腐解液浓度的增加,牛筋草叶片MDA、Pro及过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量增加。综上所述,紫云英腐解液对牛筋草种子萌发及幼苗生长具有显著的抑制作用。由此可见,紫云英腐解物具有抑制杂草生长的潜力,研究结果可为发掘紫云英中抗杂草活性物质提供参考。     

林业化学除草技术的研究

从1974～1990年,在苗圃、幼林、造林地及防火线上筛选适用的除草剂,结果表明:松、杉苗圃以除草醚、果尔作土壤处理,防效达90％以上,高于1m的松、杉、阔叶树、果树以草甘膦作叶面喷洒,防效达85％以上;造林地以草甘膦、2,4-D丁酯、草甘膦+调节膦及威尔柏+草甘膦作叶面喷洒,防杂草、灌木效果达95％,防火线上以草甘膦与调节膦或威尔柏混用为好。在室内生测表明:草甘膦+调节膦有增效作用,草甘膦具有解偶联剂作用,抑制膜上ATP酶活性。     

Alley cropping and mulching withErythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O. F. Cook andGliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.: effects on maize/weed competition

The potential of allye cropping systems to sustain a high productivity with low external inputs and the reduction of maize/weed competition through weed suppression in different alley cropping and sole-cropped mulched systems was studied in Costa Rica at CATIE. Data were recorded eight years after establishment of the experiment. Plant residues ofErythrina poeppigiana trees (10 t/ha dry matter) planted at 6 by 3 m reduced weed biomass by 52%, whileGliricidia sepium trees (12 t/ha dry matter) planted at 6 by 0.5 m reduced weed biomass by 28%, in comparison to controls.Erythrina had a considerable impact on grass weeds, whileGliricidia reduced the incidence of some dicot weeds. Weed competition significantly reduced maize yield in all systems. Nevertheless weed suppression contributed to the higher maize grain yield underErythrina andGliricidia alley cropping of 3.8 t per hectare as opposed to the unmulched control yield of 2.0 t per hectare.     

The performance of the leaf mulches ofLeucaena leucocephala,Flemingia macrophylla andGliricidia sepium in weed control

The performance of the leaf mulches ofLeucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium andFlemingia macrophylla in weed control has been tested in two trials. The length of the period during which a mulch layer yields significantly less weedbiomass compared to the control plots is called the ‘effective life-span’ of the mulch. Of the three mulch materials only that ofF. macrophylla shows promise in retarding weed development. In the second trialF. macrophylla leaf mulch was applied at rates of 3, 6 and 9 tons dry matter per ha. The effective lifespan of a mulch layer of 3 tons is between 12 and 13 weeks. The treatments 6 and 9 tons have effective life-spans of over 14 weeks. For moderate quantities (up to 5 tons of dry leaf mulch per ha) the effective life-span is estimated at about a 100 days. The value of mulching in weed control is limited to the control of weed species that multiply by seed. Regrowth originating from roots or stumps from former vegetation is unlikely to be checked by a mulch layer. The subject of this paper is part of a broader study, presently conducted in Southern Ivory Coast, on the production, agronomical value and use in alley-cropping systems of the species mentioned in the title of the paper. A final report is scheduled for publication in 1988.     

24%氨氯吡啶酸水剂防治林地阔叶杂草试验

选用24％氨氯吡啶酸水利，对林地一年生及多年生阔叶杂草、灌木进行防除试验。结果表明，试验剂量在1200～3600g ai／hm^2范围内时，对杂草的防效可达90％以上，对灌木防效达70％以上。该药剂对针叶用材林幼林慎用。     

森泰除草剂防除香椿幼林地杂草的试验研究

使用25%森泰水剂和5%森泰颗粒剂防除香椿幼林地的杂草研究试验结果表明:25%森泰水剂和5%森泰颗粒剂均能够有效防除香椿幼林地的五节芒、苦竹、刚竹、芒萁骨等多年生恶性杂草,防除效果均可达93%以上。使用25%森泰水剂除草比人工除草可减少用工56 1%～92 2%,降低除草成本36 1%～61%。同时,可根据幼林地杂草的种类、高度、盖度和水源等因素选择合适的森泰除草剂的剂型和剂量组合,以达到理想的防除杂草效果。