瓜类枯萎病生防菌WQ-6的筛选鉴定、发酵工艺优化及防效研究

为研发对瓜类枯萎病有防治作用的微生物菌剂,以4种枯萎病菌(黄瓜2种、西瓜1种、甜瓜1种)为供试病原菌,采用平板对峙法结合抑制菌丝生长速率法,从蚯蚓堆肥中筛选到1株对4种病原菌均有显著抑制效果的拮抗细菌WQ-6。鉴定发现,WQ-6为暹罗芽孢杆菌(Bacillus siamensis)。通过单因素试验和响应面分析法优化培养条件,获得了菌株WQ-6最适的发酵工艺(葡萄糖30 g·L-1,蛋白胨30 g·L-1,硫酸镁1 g·L-1,甘油1 g·L-1,磷酸氢二钾1.5 g·L-1,温度32.2℃,装液量19.2%,转速236.2 r·min-1,pH 6.0,接种量4%,培养时间24 h),使得WQ-6发酵液对枯萎病菌的抑菌直径和抑菌率较优化前分别增加了3.52～10.45 mm和2.28%～32.16%。黄瓜、西瓜和甜瓜种子发芽和盆栽试验表明,菌株WQ-6使接种枯萎病菌的种子发病率降低了32%～68%,发芽率提高了100%～259.6%,植株病情指数下降了20%～34%。此外,菌株WQ-6发酵液复配蚯蚓堆肥浸提液后,与WQ-6发酵液相比,种子的根长、茎长和活力指数显著提高,对病原菌的防治效...     

施用蚯蚓粪对陕南烤烟土壤和烟叶钾营养、农艺与经济性状的影响

以云烟99为材料,研究了蚯蚓粪施用量及其方式对烤烟土壤容重、土壤和烟叶钾营养以及农艺性状和经济性状的影响,目的在于寻求适合该地区土壤改良的有效途径,进一步提升烟叶产量和品质。结果表明,穴施和条施下,蚯蚓粪不同施用量均可降低土壤容重,不同程度提高了土壤速效钾含量、成熟期鲜烟叶和烘烤后烟叶钾含量,改善了农艺性状,增加了产量、产值以及中上等烟比例。以上效果以1500 kg/hm2和穴施方式( X2)最佳。因此,蚯蚓粪不仅能够有效改善土壤结构以及钾营养,而且提高了烤烟产量和经济效益,为陕南烟区通过施用蚯蚓粪改良土壤提供了最佳用量和施用方式。     

蚯蚓堆肥与益生菌配施对西瓜地土壤肥力及微生物特性的影响

基于等量养分条件,本试验研究了蚯蚓堆肥与解淀粉芽孢杆菌(X)和荧光假单胞菌(Y)两株不同功能益生菌配施对西瓜地土壤肥力和微生物特性的影响。结果表明,不论添加益生菌与否,蚯蚓堆肥较单施化肥或常规堆肥均提高了土壤速效养分含量,显著增加了土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性,其中土壤 NO3–-N 含量较常规堆肥提高了14.7%。益生菌的添加活化了土壤养分,增加了土壤细菌、放线菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌数量,降低了土壤真菌数量,同时显著提高了土壤酶活性。各处理比较而言,蚯蚓堆肥配施益生菌在土壤速效养分含量、土壤微生物生物量及土壤酶活性上提升作用最为明显,其中蚯蚓堆肥配施混合益生菌处理(VCXY)的土壤细菌数量和蔗糖酶活性相较于常规堆肥配施混合益生菌处理(CDXY)分别提高了32.0%和14.4%。方差分析结果表明,蚯蚓堆肥和常规堆肥与益生菌在土壤速效磷、速效钾、微生物生物量碳、细菌数量、真菌数量、脲酶及蔗糖酶活性上存在显著交互作用。综上所述,蚯蚓堆肥与益生菌配施可显著促进土壤肥力和微生物活性的改善,可替代部分化肥用于设施蔬菜的绿色生产和土壤培肥。     

蚯蚓粪配比的泥炭基质特性及其栽培的小型西瓜幼苗生长状况

以蚯蚓粪按照不同体积比替代泥炭作为基质开展小型西瓜育苗试验,研究蚯蚓粪配比的泥炭基质特性及其栽培的小型西瓜幼苗生长状况。结果表明,随着蚯蚓粪添加比例的增加,基质的pH、电导率（Electric conductivity, EC）、干容重、湿容重总体呈逐渐上升趋势,最大持水量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度则呈逐渐下降趋势,当蚯蚓粪所占比例达到或超过50%可能给基质物理特性带来不利影响。添加了蚯蚓粪的基质,细菌和真菌数量明显下降,尤以细菌数量的降幅最大,微生物总量随之大幅降低。小型西瓜幼苗在S2基质（含10%蚯蚓粪）中的株高、茎粗、生物量、根长、根表面积均为最高,生长状况最好,综合评价得分最高,表明在泥炭基质中添加10%蚯蚓粪有利于提升小型西瓜育苗效果。相关性分析结果显示,小型西瓜幼苗的生长受基质物理特性的影响较大,其茎粗、根长及综合评价得分与基质干、湿容重呈极显著或显著负相关,与基质最大持水量、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度呈极显著或显著正相关。     

蚯蚓粪肥对烤烟产量和质量的影响

[目的]为了筛选适合当地烤烟生产的蚯蚓粪肥与复合肥的配比。[方法]开展蚯蚓粪肥+复合肥(kg/株)分别为0+0.05、0.50+0.05、1.00+0.04、1.50+0.03、2.00+0.02、2.50+0.01共6个配比的田间试验。[结果]蚯蚓粪肥+复合肥为(1.50+0.03)~(2.50+0.01)较合适。[结论]施用蚯蚓粪肥,可显著提高烟叶中还原糖、钾元素的含量,显著降低烟叶中氮、烟碱、氯等化学指标的含量,明显提高烟叶产量、产值、均价、上等烟比例。     

Influence of Integrated Supply of Vermicompost and Zinc‐Eniched Compost with Two Graded Levels of Iron and Zinc on the Productivity of Geranium

Abstract

Two pot experiments under greenhouse condition were carried out to study the influence of vermicompost and zinc‐enriched compost with two levels of iron and zinc on the productivity of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens). Joint application of vermicompost and zinc‐enriched compost was effective in increasing the herb and oil yield over sole application of iron and zinc. Combined application of vermicompost and zinc‐enriched compost gave better herb and oil yield in both the experiments. With application of vermicompost and zinc‐enriched compost with two graded levels of iron, higher N, P, and K concentrations were observed with application of vermicompost (5 g kg^?1), vermicompost (5 g kg^?1), and Fe 12.5 ppm+Zn‐enriched compost 2.5 g kg^?1 soil, respectively, over control. Highest reduction in soil pH was observed with an application of vermicompost at 5 g kg^?1 soil; maximum soil organic carbon content was also recorded in the same treatment. In experiment II, joint application of vermicompost, zinc‐enriched compost, and graded levels of zinc recorded highest N, P, and K concentration with treatments of Zn (15 ppm)+vermicompost (2.5 g kg^?1), vermicompost (5 g kg^?1), and Zn (15 ppm)+vermicompost (2.5 g kg^?1 soil), respectively. Nitrogen, P, and K content increased by 36, 125, and 305%, respectively, with these treatments over the control.

Chemical constituents of geranium oil such as cis‐rose oxide, isomenthone, linalool, citronellyl, geranylformate, geranyl, and epi‐γ‐eudesmol were significantly improved by combined application of Zn with vermicompost and Zn‐enriched compost as compared to sole application of Zn. Similar effects were observed with Fe in combination with vermicompost and Zn‐enriched compost on most of the chemical constituents of geranium oil. Physicochemical properties of the soil were also improved as macro‐ and micronutrient availability markedly increased in both the experiments because of combined application of vermicompost and Zn‐enriched compost with two levels of Zn and Fe.     

Potential Use of Bioorganic Nutrient Source Dynamics on Cropping Behavior,Soil Properties,and Quality Attributes of Apricot

The comparative efficacy of bioorganic nutrients on cropping behavior and soil properties of apricot trees was studied. Bioorganic nutrient sources, namely, vermicompost (VC), biofertilizers (BF), cow urine (CU), and vermiwash (VW), were evaluated in 13 treatment combinations. The treatment application of VC at 50 kg, BF at 60 g, CU at 12.5%, and VW at 12.5% significantly improved cropping and soil properties over nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (N–P–K) chemical fertilizers. Available macronutrient contents of soil (viz., N, P, and K) increased by 25.50, 70.90, and 6.44%, respectively. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid–extractable micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn) increased by 15.45, 35.90, 80.36, and 40.12%, respectively. Microbial biomass of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Azotobacter chroococcum, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi improved 51.83, 122.78, 60.93, and 2.91 times, respectively. This superior combination also resulted in considerably greater amounts of leaf macro- and micronutrients: N (2.34%), P (0.34%), K (3.71%), iron (Fe; 172.83 mg kg^?1), copper (Cu; 12.79 mg kg^?1), zinc (Zn; 25.49 mg kg^?1), and manganese (Mn; 54.32 mg kg^?1), which might be responsible for better cropping behavior and productivity in apricot trees.     

Effects of combined application of vermicompost and mineral fertilizer on the growth of Allium cepa L. and soil fertility

The promotion of organic farming involves curtailing extensive use of mineral fertilizers. The present study was aimed to compare the effects of vermicompost (10 Mg ha^–1), commercial mineral fertilizer (NPK—100:80:80), and their combination on (1) the growth of a major cash crop “onion” (Allium cepa L.) and (2) the changes that may have occurred in the amended soil. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four replications during the crop‐growing season of 2008/09. Results showed significantly higher plant growth in the combined/mix treatment of vermicompost and NPK, as measured by the vegetative growth of bulbs, number and length of tillers per bulb, and fresh weight of bulbs and by the biochemical characteristics of the onion tillers/leaves (total chlorophyll, caretenoids, protein, and total sugar contents). Comparison of the mixed treatment as compared to the control showed increases in bulb size (54%), total number of bulbs per bed (52%), and fresh weight of all bulbs (198%). The chemical properties and enzyme activity of the amended soil also improved significantly in the combined treatment as compared to the application of vermicompost or the mineral fertilizer alone. Total organic C, microbial biomass C, and sulfate content were significantly higher in the mix treatment, with increases of 60%, 127%, and 126%, respectively, as compared to those of the chemical‐fertilizer‐alone treatment. Similarly, β‐glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, and dehydrogenase were significantly higher by 145%, 91%, 71%, respectively, in the mix treatment as compared to those of fertilizer‐alone application. This study indicates that application of a combination of mineral fertilizer and vermicompost in the field can positively influence the biological properties and fertility of soils, and support better plant growth, when compared to the application of mineral fertilizer or vermicompost alone. The study suggests that this combined application can reduce the quantity and cost of mineral‐fertilizers application for bulbous‐crop cultivation by 50%, while also sustaining soil biological activity of tropical and subtropical soils.     

蚓粪基质育苗对田间烟草长势和代谢酶活性的影响

以‘K326’烤烟为研究对象,采用漂浮育苗的方式,研究最佳配比的蚓粪基质育苗（30%蚓粪+30%泥炭+20%珍珠岩+20%蛭石）和常规基质育苗对田间烟草幼苗期、团棵期和旺长期长势及代谢酶活性的影响,以期为蚓粪基质育苗的应用提供技术参考。结果表明,在幼苗期,蚓粪基质烟草的叶鲜重、总根长、根体积、根平均直径和根系活力均显著高于常规基质烟苗;在团棵期和旺长期,蚓粪基质烟草的根系生长情况整体优于常规基质,其中根系活力均显著高于常规基质,分别增加23.50%和24.98%。但2种烟草漂浮育苗基质处理方式对成苗团棵期和旺长期的叶片氮代谢酶活性无显著差异。综上,蚓粪基质整体上促进了烟草幼苗期、团棵期、旺长期的长势,尤其对烟草根系生长指标的影响更为明显,适合作为育苗基质应用于田间烟草育苗。     

蚯蚓粪对番茄农艺性状和品质的影响

试验在盆栽条件下探讨蚯蚓粪对番茄农艺性状和品质的影响。结果表明,蚯蚓粪不同处理均能很好地改善番茄农艺性状,提高番茄的座果率、维生素C、可溶性糖和可溶性固形物的含量。单施蚯蚓粪有机肥试验中,80%蚯蚓粪处理显著促进番茄株高、株幅和茎粗的生长,40%蚯蚓粪明显提高座果率;20%和60%蚯蚓粪处理分别提高维生素C含量12.17%和24.34%,60%和80%蚯蚓粪处理分别提高可溶性糖20.34%和42.89%,60%蚯蚓粪处理对可溶性固形物影响最显著达24.04%。蚯蚓粪配施化肥较单施蚯蚓粪处理能较好改善番茄农艺性状,对座果率的影响表现为先增后降的趋势,对提高果实维生素C、可溶性糖和可溶性固形物含量的趋势不同。