鄂西山区农业气候资源调查,分析与利用的研究

对鄂西山区的农业气候资源进行了调查和考察，在整理、分析的基础上编制了气候资料图表；根据当地农作物种植情况，森林资源、特用植物、中草药的自然分布和山区农业气候资源状况，对如何利用山区农业气候资源进行了一些初步研究。     

Effects of Foliar Spray of K on Mint,Radish, Parsley and Coriander Plants in Aquaponic System

An aquaponic system was designed to investigate the effects of foliar applications of potassium (K) on mint, radish, parsley, and coriander growth and physiological characteristics. Plants were sprayed with 100 mL pot^?1 of 0.5 g L^?1 potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) twice a week. Fresh and dry masses of shoot in all species were higher in K-treated plants. Potassium concentration increased with K spray in the shoots of all species. K-sprayed parsley accumulated a greater amount of Fe and chlorophyll in shoots. Values of SPAD index in all species decreased significantly in untreated plants. The highest Quantum Photosynthetic Yield (F_v/F_m) values were observed in coriander plants treated with K, which was attributed to higher SPAD value in these plants. Potassium application had a negative effect on sodium (Na) and positive effect on magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) concentrations in plants. These results indicated that foliar spray of K can effectively alleviate nutrient deficiencies in leafy and root vegetables grown in aquaponics.     

不同配方蚕沙有机无机复混肥在叶菜类蔬菜上的效果研究

通过盆栽试验,对由蚕沙作为主要有机物料研制的有机无机复混肥的不同配方在生菜和青菜上的施用效果,及其对植株吸收养分和土壤养分供应的影响进行研究。试验结果表明,施用配方1、2、3的蚕沙有机无机复混肥的青菜分别比对照增产35.1%、16.2%、42.1%;生菜增产33.0%、23.4%、38.5%。施用3个配方的蚕沙有机无机复混肥与对照相比,具有促进植株对N、P、K养分吸收的作用,长期施用蚕沙有机无机复混肥对提高和保持土壤养分是有益的。     

Growth,survival, and heavy metal (Cd and Ni) uptake of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and fenugreek (Trigonella corniculata) in a biochar‐amended sewage‐irrigated contaminated soil

Irrigation of arable land with contaminated sewage waters leads to the accumulation of trace metals in soils with subsequent phyto‐/zootoxic consequences. In this study, biochar derived from cotton sticks was used to amend an agricultural silt‐loam soil that had been previously irrigated with trace metal contaminated sewage waters. Metal accumulation and toxicity to spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and fenugreek (Trigonella corniculata) was investigated by measuring concentrations of Cd and Ni in plant tissues and various photosynthetic and biochemical activities of plants. Positive impacts of biochar on both spinach and fenugreek were observed in terms of biomass production that increased from 29% to 36% in case of spinach, while for fenugreek this increase was 32% to 36%. In the control treatment there was an increase in malondialdihyde, soluble sugar, and ascorbic acid contents, indicating heavy metal stress. Biochar applications increased soluble proteins and amino acids in plants and reduced the uptake of Cd from 5.42 mg kg^?1 at control to 3.45 mg kg^?1 at 5% biochar amended soil and Ni (13.8 mg kg^?1 to 7.3 mg kg^?1 at 5% biochar) by the spinach plants. In fenugreek, the Cd was reduced from 7.72 mg kg^?1 to 3.88 mg kg^?1 and reduction in Ni was from 15.45 mg kg^?1 to 9.46 mg kg^?1 at 5% biochar treated soil, reducing the possibility of transfer up the food chain. This study demonstrates that the use of biochar made from cotton‐sticks, as an amendment to arable soils that have received contaminated irrigation water, could improve plant growth and decrease Cd and Ni uptake to crops, alleviating some of the negative impacts of using sewage waters on arable land.     

海南岛冬种瓜菜暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估与区划

基于农业气象灾害系统构成体系和灾害风险理论,依据海南岛18个气象台站1961-2012年9-11月逐日降水数据、地理信息数据、耕地面积和冬种瓜菜种植面积资料,借助GIS技术,采用加权法和自然断点法对海南岛冬种瓜菜暴雨洪涝灾害致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性进行指标构建和风险分析,在此基础上构建冬种瓜菜暴雨洪涝灾害综合风险指数,并将该指数应用于海南岛冬种瓜菜暴雨洪涝灾害的风险区划。结果表明,海南岛东部和东北部地区为冬种瓜菜暴雨洪涝灾害高和次高危险区,其中万宁市大部、琼海市和屯昌县南部、陵水县中部风险最高;西部为次低和低风险区;其余地区为中等风险区。灾情验证结果表明,实际灾情的空间分布与风险区划结果基本吻合。研究结果可为海南冬种瓜菜生产布局、避减灾害风险提供依据。     

果蔬差压预冷设备及预冷技术研究

果蔬采后预冷是果蔬贮藏、流通中重要的前处理技术，是果蔬采后保鲜流通冷链的重要环节。差压预冷技术因其成本低、使用灵活，在发达国家广泛应用于果蔬采后处理。此技术很适宜我国果蔬小规模生产、多品种、低成本的生产现状和高品质大流通的发展。本研究借鉴国外发达国家在差压预冷方面的成功经验，通过对引进差压预冷库的研究、测试、消化、吸收，研究出可在冷库中使用的3种不同预冷量的差压预冷通风设备，并建成一次预冷量12 t的差压预冷库。应用此技术，一般蔬菜预冷时间在4～6 h，仅为同等条件下冷库预冷时间的1/4～1/10，预冷过     

Heavy‐Metal Contamination of Soil and Vegetables in Wastewater‐Irrigated Agricultural Soil in a Suburban Area of Hanoi,Vietnam

The To Lich and Kim Nguu Rivers, laden with untreated waste from industrial sources, serve as sources of water for irrigating vegetable farms. The purposes of this study were to identify the impact of wastewater irrigation on the level of heavy metals in the soils and vegetables and to predict their potential mobility and bioavailability. Soil samples were collected from different distances from the canal. The average concentrations of the heavy metals in the soil were in the order zinc (Zn; 204 mg kg^?1) > copper (Cu; 196 mg kg^?1) > chromium (Cr; 175 mg kg^?1) > lead (Pb; 131 mg kg^?1) > nickel (Ni; 60 mg kg^?1) > cadmium (Cd; 4 mg kg^?1). The concentrations of all heavy metals in the study site were much greater than the background level in that area and exceeded the permissible levels of the Vietnamese standards for Cd, Cu, and Pb. The concentrations of Zn, Ni, and Pb in the surface soil decreased with distance from the canal. The results of selective sequential extraction indicated that dominant fractions were oxide, organic, and residual for Ni, Pb, and Zn; organic and oxide for Cr; oxide for Cd; and organic for Cu. Leaching tests for water and acid indicated that the ratio of leached metal concentration to total metal concentration in the soil decreased in the order of Cd > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cu > Zn and in the order of Cd > Ni > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb for the ethylenediaminetetraaceitc acid (EDTA) treatment. The EDTA treatment gave greater leachability than other treatments for most metal types. By leaching with water and acid, all heavy metals were fully released from the exchangeable fraction, and some heavy metals were fully released from carbonate and oxide fractions. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the vegetables exceeded the Vietnamese standards. The transfer coefficients for the metals were in the order of Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd = Cr > Pb.     

茄子冷冻干燥冻结过程模型的建立与求解

该文以茄子球形样本为对象,研究果蔬物料冷冻干燥中预冻模型的建立及求解方法。通过能量衡算建立了果蔬冻结过程的非稳态数学模型,依据冻结过程试验参数,给出了冻结过程中物料液相区和固相区温度变化所满足的定解问题。采用“欧拉向后差分格式”数值计算方法,对冻结模型进行了数值求解,得出了茄子在冻结过程中冻结界面的移动规律和冻结时间。试验结果表明,所建模型能够准确地描述茄子的冻结过程,采用的数值解法是可行的。该文研究方法及结果为果蔬物料冷冻干燥预冻结过程模型的建立与求解提供了参考,并为果蔬冷冻干燥预冻结过程的优化控制提供了科学依据。     

蔬菜废弃物堆肥对设施蔬菜产量和土壤生物特性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了蔬菜废弃物堆肥对小白菜的增产效果、土壤养分含量、土壤微生物量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,蔬菜废弃物堆肥能够显著提高盆栽小白菜的产量和品质,其中30 t/hm2的高量蔬菜废弃物堆肥将产量提高了66.26%,将品质指标Vc、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著提高了35.64%、183.36%和39.42%。蔬菜废弃物堆肥能够显著提高土壤质量,有机质、总氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤微生物量碳、氮,以及土壤淀粉酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、脱氢酶活性的土壤质量指标。与牛粪相比较,高用量的蔬菜废弃物堆肥处理在小白菜产量、可溶性蛋白含量、土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量、磷酸酶活性上显著高于牛粪;而在可溶性糖含量、土壤有机质含量、土壤微生物量、淀粉酶、脱氢酶活性上显著低于牛粪。综合而言,蔬菜废弃物堆肥能够提高土壤质量,增加蔬菜产量和品质;在蔬菜产量方面,蔬菜废弃物堆肥优于牛粪,在蔬菜品质和土壤质量方面,蔬菜废弃物堆肥与牛粪相当。