Time-specific intraocular pressure curves in Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with laser-induced ocular hypertension

Objective To detect and categorize time‐specific variations in daytime intraocular pressure (IOP) found in Rhesus monkeys with laser‐induced ocular hypertension. Procedures Ten male monkeys with argon laser‐induced ocular hypertension in one eye were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride, and the IOP measured in both eyes at 7 a.m., 7.30 a.m., and then hourly until 1 p.m. with a Tonopen? XL applanation tonometer. Intraocular pressure time profiles for both eyes in each animal were developed. The means ± SD of the IOPs for both eyes were calculated for the whole 6‐h study period, and the values compared statistically. The difference between the lasered eye mean IOP standard deviation and the normal eye mean IOP standard deviation for each animal during the 6‐h follow‐up was also calculated and compared. Results Mean IOP (± SD) in the glaucoma and normal eyes for the 10 animals during the 6‐h study was 32.6 ± 2.5 and 14.9 ± 2.5 mmHg, respectively. The IOP was significantly higher in the experimental eye than in the normal eye (P = 0.0008). The mean IOP in the lasered eye did not significantly change during the study period, whereas a slight but significant increase in IOP of the normal eye over the study period was recorded (P = 0.003). The variance in IOP in the hypertensive eyes was considerably greater than that in the untreated control eyes. From 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. the IOP declined in five eyes and increased in the other five eyes with laser‐induced ocular hypertension. Conclusions The time‐specific IOP variation pattern in the daytime in the laser treated eyes is significantly greater than the variation in the normotensive eyes. This shows that in order to detect statistical differences between IOP variations induced by an IOP‐reducing drug, and the exaggerated spontaneous IOP variations present in the laser‐induced hypertensive eye, sufficient animals should be included in any study. Understanding the time‐specific IOP variation present in a group of monkeys with laser‐induced ocular hypertension is essential prior to using the model for the evaluation of IOP‐reducing drugs.     

4份偃麦草资源对干旱胁迫的生理响应

为了解偃麦草(Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski)的抗旱生理机制,在盆栽控水条件下,对抗旱性不同的4份偃麦草种质资源进行干旱胁迫生理响应研究。结果表明:干旱后土壤含水量呈下降趋势,且胁迫后0 d,5 d,10 d,15 d间土壤含水量差异显著(P<0.05);干旱胁迫过程中偃麦草叶片水分饱和亏缺(WSD)、电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量呈上升趋势,超氧化物酶(SOD)活性与可溶性蛋白含量呈现先升高后降低趋势,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性则表现降低趋势;与其他材料相比,抗旱性强的材料E01的WSD值上升慢、增加率低,SOD活性峰值出现时间晚且峰值最高,可溶性蛋白含量变化小,脯氨酸积累少,且MDA积累慢、含量低。     

超高压提取黄精多糖及提高运动耐力机制

为确定炮制黄精多糖(PPP)的最佳提取工艺,本试验以黄精为原料,进行炮制,利用超高压技术提取PPP,分析了压力强度、保压时间、料液比对PPP提取率的影响,采用Box-Behnken响应面分析法(RSM)优化PPP提取条件,并对所得多糖进行动物体内试验,分析小鼠血清、肝脏和左腿腓肠肌中相关酶的活性变化,探究其提高机体运动耐力机制。结果表明,PPP最佳提取工艺条件为:液料比23 mL·g^-1、保压时间6.73 min,压力强度293 MPa,在此条件下PPP得率为13.46%;能显著提高小鼠力竭游泳时间(P<0.05),相比于游泳对照组,小鼠血清中尿素氮(SUN)、乳酸(Lac)和肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量显著下降(P<0.05),同时乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性下降、Ca²⁺Mg²⁺-ATP酶及肌酸激酶(CK)活性上升,对提高小鼠运动耐力具有较好的效果。本研究结果为超高压提取PPP奠定了基础,并为PPP提高运动耐力的机制研究提供了数据支持。     

Asystole associated with cerebrospinal fluid collection in a 3-month-old foal under general anaesthesia

A 3-month-old colt foal presented to the Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital for investigation of progressive neurological signs. Diagnostic investigation included cerebrospinal fluid collection, which was performed under general anaesthesia. During this procedure, severe bradycardia which progressed to asystole occurred. Initial resuscitation was successful; however, the foal had clinical signs consistent with cerebral hypoxia post-resuscitation and was euthanased the following day due to deterioration of neurological function. Asystole was presumed due to a Cushing-type reflex as a result of changes in intracranial pressure during the sampling procedure.     

VD在骨骼外系统中的作用及其研究进展

以往普遍认为VD的主要功能是调节Ca离子来促进骨骼的生长和预防佝偻病,但最近几年的研究发现,VD不仅在骨骼疾病中起到重要作用,还与多种骨骼外疾病密切相关,包括一些心血管疾病、代谢紊乱有关的疾病、恶性肿瘤、过敏性疾病、自身免疫性疾病、生殖方面影响等。目前对VD生物学功能的研究比较全面和深入,但大部分是针对人体和小鼠的基础研究,对诸如牛、猪、犬、猫等不同动物VD的骨骼外系统生物学功能的研究较少。在查阅相关文献的基础上,通过对VD在血压、免疫调节、内分泌、子宫内膜和骨骼肌方面的生物学功能和研究进展进行总结,为不同动物VD在骨骼外系统生物学功能的研究提供一定参考。     

The extradural pressure profile in goats following extradural injection

ObjectiveTo measure the extradural pressures in goats before and after extradural injection, and to investigate the occurrence of extradural pressure waves.Study designProspective experimental trial.AnimalsNine healthy adult goats weighing 59.4 ± 6.4 kg, scheduled for stifle arthroscopy.MethodsThe goats were pre–medicated with midazolam and anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with sevoflurane. The goats were placed in lateral recumbency and extradural puncture was performed via the lumbosacral space. Correct placement of the needle was assessed by lack of resistance to the injection of saline. The needle was connected to an electronic pressure transducer to record extradural pressure. Measurements were taken before and after extradural injection of methadone (0.1 mg kg^?1, diluted to a total volume of 0.2 mL kg^?1) and 10 minutes later. Contrast medium was injected and correct extradural needle placement confirmed by radiography.ResultsLack of resistance to injection of saline occurred in all goats, but there were no pressure waves observed before injection in any animal. Radiography indicated incorrect needle placement in four animals and one had pressure waves synchronous with the arterial pulse after methadone injection. Correct needle placement was confirmed in the remaining five animals which exhibited pressure waves after extradural methadone injection. In the five goats with successful needle placement the baseline extradural pressure ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 kPa (3–19 mmHg), increasing to 4.4–39.9 kPa (33–300 mmHg) after injection. Ten minutes after injection, extradural pressure remained elevated and ranged from 2.5 to 17.3 kPa (19–130 mmHg).Conclusions and clinical relevanceExtradural pressure waves were not useful to confirm correct extradural needle placement in laterally recumbent goats. The presence of such waves after injection of 0.2 mL kg^?1 may be indicative of correct placement but even here we saw one of nine animals with extradural pressure waves where we failed to confirm correct needle placement. Extradural pressure increases after extradural injection.