Alleviation of Chromium Toxicity by Silicon Addition in Rice Plants

The alleviatory effect of silicon (Si) on chromium (Cr) toxicity to rice plants was investigated using a hydroponic experiment with two Cr levels (0 and 100 μmol L-1),three Si levels (0,1.25,and 2.5 mmol L-1) and two rice genotypes,differing in grain Cr accumulation (Dan K5,high accumulation and Xiushui 113,low accumulation).The results showed that 100 μmol L-1 Cr treatment caused a marked reduction of seedling height,dry biomass,soluble protein content,and root antioxidant enzyme activity,whereas significantly increased Cr concentration and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances)content.However,the reductions of seedling height,dry biomass,and soluble content were greatly alleviated due to Si addition to the culture solution.Compared with the plants treated with Cr alone,Si addition markedly reduced Cr uptake and translocation in rice plants.No significant differences were observed between the two Si treatments (1.25 and 2.5 mmol L-1) in shoot Cr concentration and Cr translocation factor.Under the treatment of 100 μmol L-1 Cr+2.5 mmol L-1 Si,higher root Cr concentration but lower shoot Cr concentration and Cr translocation factor were observed in Dan K5 than those in Xiushui 113,indicating that the beneficial effect of Si on inhibiting Cr translocation was more pronounced in Dan K5 than in Xiushui 113.Si addition also alleviated the reduction of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in leaves; catalase (CAT) and APX in roots) and the increase of TBARS content in the Crstressed plants.Furthermore,the beneficial effects of Si on activities of antioxidative enzymes under Cr stress were genotype-dependent.The highest activities of SOD,POD (guaiacol peroxidase),CAT,and APX in leaves occurred in the treatment of 100 μmol L-1 Cr+2.5 mmol L-1 Si for Xiushui 113 and in the treatment of 100 μmol L-1 Cr+1.25 mmol L-1 Si for Dan K5.The beneficial effect of Si on alleviating oxidative stress was much more pronounced in Dan K5 than in Xiushui 113.It may be concluded that Si alleviates Cr toxicity mainly through inhibiting the uptake and translocation of Cr and enhancing the capacity of defense against oxidative stress induced by Cr toxicity.     

茶多酚和L-EGCG的抗烟致脂质过氧化作用

从茶叶中提取的天然多酚类化合物茶多酚和L-表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(L-EGCG)对由香烟气相物质诱发的大鼠肺细胞的脂质过氧化有很强的抑制作用,且复合体茶多酚及其主要单体L-EGCG抑制效果接近,同时两者对超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基都有十分明显的清除作用,表明茶多酚与L-EGCG的抗脂质过氧化机理之一是有效地清除了脂质过氧化的启动子氧自由基.     

Ultracytochemical Localization and Functional Analysis of ATPase During the Endosperm Development in Oryza sativa L.

Ultracytochemical localization of ATPase during development of rice endosperm was performed using a lead phosphate precipitation technique. The results indicated that, at the coenocyte and ceilularization stages, active ATPase was mainly distributed in an embryo sac wall, nucleus, and plasma membrane. At the early stage of development and differentiation, active ATPase was observed in the plasma membrane. At the grain filling stage, ATPase was highly active in the plasma membrane, intercellular space, and plasmodesmata in aleurone, moderately active on the plasma membrane in subaleurone. In starchy endosperm, ATPase was localized in the plasma membrane and degenerated nucleus. ATPase activity also appeared around vacuole and protein body in endosperm cell. The relationships between the ultracytochemical localization of ATPase and its function during the development of rice endosperm were discussed. Overall, ATPase was involved in the process of nutrition absorption and protein synthesis.     

紫甘蓝COP1基因的克隆及表达模式分析

光照是植物生长发育的一个重要的环境因素,COP1是光调控植物发育的一个分子开关。本实验以"早红"紫甘蓝为实验材料,分两组置于光照(光照16h,28℃;黑暗8h,18℃)及完全遮光培养箱培养,至幼苗时提取RNA,进行COP1的cDNA克隆,并通过半定量RT-PCR方法分析COP1在不同处理下的表达情况。结果表明:COP1 cDNA全长为1863bp,编码620aa,分子量为70.325kD;在无光条件下生长的紫甘蓝幼苗虽然仍有少量花青素合成,但是其花青素含量明显低于光照条件下生长的紫甘蓝幼苗;COP1基因在无光条件下的表达量明显强于有光条件,表明COP1对紫甘蓝中花青素的合成起负调控作用。本文旨在探索在不同光照条件下紫甘蓝中COP1基因与其花青素合成的关系,为后期揭示花青素表达调控机制奠定基础。     

西葫芦未受精胚珠离体培养条件的优化及胚囊植株的产生

 【目的】建立西葫芦离体雌核发育高频植株再生体系，以加速自交系选育，有效缩短西葫芦杂种一代育种周期。【方法】将西葫芦未受精胚珠接种至附加2，4-D、NAA、BA的N6培养基上可形成胚状体，该胚状体转接至无激素的N6培养基上可形成再生植株。【结果】试验共获得120棵再生植株（R0），其中41株因生活力低下死亡，8株用于摸索移栽方法死亡，71株移栽成活且生长正常，其中42株性状表现符合二倍体特征且育性正常，已有10株获得自交果实及种子，其余29株育性异常。试验结果表明，胚珠发育时期、培养基、供体基因型及供体栽培季节等均显著影响胚状体诱导频率。【结论】胚状体起源于胚囊成员细胞，再生植株为胚囊植株。试验筛选出3种诱导频率较高的培养基；以开花前1日及当日的胚珠诱导频率较高；秋播材料诱导效果最好。     

铬污染地区芦苇(Phragmites australis L.)生理特征分析

采用现场采集样品及室内测试方法,对生长在某铬污染区内,距污染源10 m和100 m的芦苇叶片光合及抗氧化特征进行分析.结果显示,距污染源10 m处芦苇叶绿素含量低于100 m处,类胡萝卜素含量几乎一致,而污染区内两处芦苇光合色素含量均明显高于非污染区;污染区内芦苇叶片叶绿体吸收光谱、低温荧光发射光谱及叶绿素荧光参数与非污染区一致,表明污染区芦苇光合作用光反应能正常进行;SOD与CAT活性均明显高于非污染区,其中10 m处两种酶活性略高于100 m处;丙二醛含量与非污染区基本相同,说明污染区芦苇叶片未受到严重氧化损伤.     

盐胁迫对柳L0911生理指标的影响

分别用质量分数为0%、0.2%、0.4%的NaCl溶液对柳L0911植株进行盐胁迫,在7、14、28和35 d时测定5项生理指标,结果表明:柳L0911受盐胁迫后,随着NaCl浓度的提高和胁迫时间的延长,MDA含量逐渐增大,SOD和POD活性则呈先升后降的趋势,可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量也呈积累状态,由此可知,柳L0911是一种耐盐植物,能耐0.4%NaCl的盐浓度。     

Single and Interactive Effects of Temperature and Light Quality on Four Canola Cultivars

Combined effects of temperature and light quality on plants have received little attention. We investigated the single and interactive effects of temperature and light quality on growth and physiological characteristics of four canola (Brassica napus) cultivars – Clearfield 46A76 (cv₁), Clearfield 45H72 (cv₂), Roundup Ready 45H24 (cv₃) and Roundup Ready 45H21 (cv₄). Plants were grown under lower (24°/20 °C) and higher (30°/26 °C) temperature regimes at low red/far‐red (R/FR), normal R/FR and high R/FR light ratios in environment‐controlled growth chambers (16 h light/8 h dark). Higher temperature reduced stem height and diameter; leaf number and area; dry matter of all plant parts; and specific leaf weight, but increased leaf area ratio; and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence (Y). Low R/FR increased stem height; Y; and ethylene, but decreased stem diameter; F_v/F_m; Chl a; Chl b; and carotenoids. Among cultivars, plants from cv₄ were tallest with thickest stems and greatest dry matter. None of the main factors affected gas exchange. Higher temperature at high R/FR caused cv₃ to be shortest, whereas lower temperature at low R/FR caused cv₄ to be tallest. We conclude that heat and other stress factors will adversely affect sensitive crops, but tolerant genotypes should perform well under future climate.     

Response of Sorghum to Abiotic Stresses: A Review

Sorghum [(Sorghum bicolor L.) Moench] is a highly productive crop plant, which can be used for alternative energy resource, human food, livestock feed or industrial purposes. The biomass of sorghum can be utilized as solid fuel via thermochemical routes or as a carbohydrate substrate via fermentation processes. The plant has a great adaptation potential to drought, high salinity and high temperature, which are important characteristics of genotypes growing in extreme environments. However, the climate change in the 21st century may bring about new challenges in the cultivated areas. In this review, we summarize the most recent literature about the responses of sorghum to the most important abiotic stresses: nutrient deficiency, aluminium stress, drought, high salinity, waterlogging or temperature stress the plants have to cope with during cultivation. The advanced molecular and system biological tools provide new opportunities for breeders to select stress‐tolerant and high‐yielding cultivars.     

刨花楠开花结实习性及其种子贮藏试验初报

观察了刨花楠开花结实习性,并进行了种子不同贮藏方法试验.结果表明:刨花楠开花结实期在不同坡向上差异明显,花期阳坡早于阴坡8 ～ 10 d,果期则早4 ～ 5d;刨花楠盛花期为4月5 ～ 15日,果熟盛期为6月中下旬;不同贮藏方法和贮藏时间刨花楠种子的保存率、发芽率、发芽势均有较明显差异,以低温湿沙贮藏效果较好,贮藏半年后种子保存率达100%,发芽率、发芽势达71.67%.