Comprehensive network map of transcriptional activation of chicken type I IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes

Chicken type I interferons (type I IFNs) are key antiviral players of the chicken immune system and mediate the first line of defense against viral pathogens infecting the avian species. Recognition of viral pathogens by specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) induce chicken type I IFNs expression followed by their subsequent interaction to IFN receptors and induction of a variety of IFN stimulated antiviral proteins. These antiviral effectors establish the antiviral state in neighboring cells and thus protect the host from infection. Three subtypes of chicken type I IFNs; chIFN-α, chIFN-β, and a recently discovered chIFN-κ have been identified and characterized in chicken. Chicken type I IFNs are activated by various host cell pathways and constitute a major antiviral innate defense in chicken. This review will help to understand the chicken type 1 IFNs, host cellular pathways that are involved in activation of chicken type I IFNs and IFN stimulated antiviral effectors along with the gaps in knowledge which will be important for future investigation. These findings will help us to comprehend the role of chicken type I IFNs and to develop different strategies for controlling viral infection in poultry.     

脂多糖染毒小鼠稳定内参基因的筛选

本研究旨在筛选脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)染毒小鼠的理想内参基因。试验以健康小鼠肝脏和LPS染毒后3、6、12、18 h的小鼠肝脏为研究对象,荧光定量RT-PCR评价YWHAZ、HPRT1、PPIA、ACTB和18S rRNA 5个内参基因的表达情况,并用geNorm软件分析其表达的稳定性。结果表明,除18S rRNA在LPS染毒时不能稳定表达外,其余4个内参基因在健康小鼠肝脏和LPS染毒小鼠肝脏中均能稳定表达,其中PPIA和YWHAZ的表达最稳定。本试验结果为荧光定量RT-PCR研究LPS与小鼠相互作用时mRNA表达水平提供了依据。     

原料乳和临床乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌毒力基因检测及药敏分析

对临床乳房炎（57株）和原料乳（44株）金黄色葡萄球菌菌株,用PCR方法检测mecA基因、PVL基因、ETs基因、SEs基因和TSST-1基因;采用CLSI指导说明执行琼脂稀释法药敏性试验。结果显示原料乳菌株中,84.09%携带有毒素基因,其中PVL的检出率为84.09%,肠毒素的检出率为52.27%,主要流行的肠毒素基因为sea（56.82%）,均未检测到携带mecA、ETs、TSST-1、sei和sej基因的菌株;同时得到10种毒素基因型,其主要流行的毒素基因型为PVL＋sea（29.55%）和PVL（27.27%）。临床菌株中,78.95%携带有毒素基因,其中PVL的检出率为28.07%,肠毒素的检出率为77.19%,主要流行的肠毒素基因为sea（47.37%）,没有检测到携带ETs、TSST-1和seh基因菌株;同时得到25种毒素基因型,其主要流行的毒素基因型为sea（19.30%）,其次是seb（7.02%）,sea＋sed＋sej（3.51%）和PVL＋sea＋seb＋sec＋seg＋sei（3.51%）。6株（10.53%）携带有mecA基因菌株均含有较多毒素基因。原料乳分离株对甲氧苄啶和头孢西丁的耐药率较高,分别为100%和86.36%,其次对氯霉素、红霉素、苯唑西林、头孢哌酮和庆大霉素的耐药率分别为11.36%、4.55%、2.27%、2.27%和6.82%,所有原料乳菌株均对环丙沙星敏感,同时得到8种耐药谱,多重耐药率达22%;临床乳房炎菌株对红霉素和甲氧苄啶的耐药率较高,分别为100%和71.93%,其次对氯霉素、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、头孢西丁和苯唑西林的耐药率分别为28.07%、26.07%、24.56%、19.30%和7.02%,临床乳房炎菌株对头孢哌酮和四环素的敏感率为100%,同时得到13种耐药谱,多重耐药率达77.19%。所有原料乳和临床乳房炎菌株均对万古霉素和阿米卡星敏感。临床乳房炎菌株携带的毒素基因和多重耐药率比原料奶菌株高,同时在临床乳房炎乳中检测到MRSA菌株,提示我们应加强乳及其乳制品的管理,并对奶牛乳房炎加以重视。     

中国部分地区犬源伪中间葡萄球菌的流行特征分析

旨在调查犬源伪中间葡萄球菌的耐药性和分子特征,本研究自2017年11月—2019年4月收集601份送检至中国农业大学动物医院检验科和第三方检测机构的犬源临床样本,分离鉴定伪中间葡萄球菌;采用琼脂稀释法检测伪中间葡萄球菌对14种抗菌药物的敏感性;所有分离菌株均进行全基因组测序（WGS）,并从WGS结果中获取耐药基因、多位点序列分型（ST）和葡萄球菌染色体基因盒（SCCmec）分型。结果显示,共分离到75株伪中间葡萄球菌（分离率为12.5%）,其中包括42株（56%）耐甲氧西林伪中间葡萄球菌（MRSP）和33株（44%）甲氧西林敏感伪中间葡萄球菌（MSSP）;所有菌株均对青霉素、阿奇霉素、克林霉素、多西环素、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、苯唑西林和氯霉素高度耐药,对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、阿米卡星和利福平敏感,多重耐药率达90.7%;所有MRSP均具有多重耐药性;75株伪中间葡萄球菌中检测到19种耐药基因,blaZ和aac（6'）-aph（2″）检出率最高,均为92%（69/75）;共发现70种ST型,54种为新ST型,无优势ST型;23株（54.7%） MRSP为SCCmec V型。综上表明,犬源伪中间葡萄球菌存在严重的多重耐药性;MRSP和MSSP均具有较大的遗传多样性。     

鸡内参基因β-actin和GAPDH实时定量PCR重组质粒标准品的构建

本研究从SPF鸡皮肤中提取总RNA,并反转录为cDNA;以该cDNA为模板,通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)分别扩增出看家基因β-actin和GAPDH,将PCR产物连入pGEM-T easy载体,转化DH5α菌,经蓝白斑筛选和质粒酶切鉴定和DNA含量测定,得到定量的β-actin和GAPDH基因融合的重组质粒(pGEM T-actin和pGEM T-GAPDH),即实时定量PCR内参标准品.构建成功的标准品经10倍梯度稀释,作为模板,获得扩增效率良好及可信度高的标准曲线.构建成功的标准品可大量制备,可用于鸡的靶基因定量PCR所需的内参标准品.     

Understanding the use of Bayes factor for testing candidate genes

After quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection, one of the main objectives of research is to identify the causal mutation explaining phenotypic differences. Candidate genes are usually selected according to the physiological mechanism of the trait and their location within the same region of the QTL. After detection of any polymorphism at the candidate gene sequence, it is important to determine whether the detected mutation is the one that causes the phenotypic variation. This is not, however, an easy task, because of the linkage disequilibrium between the genes located in the same region. Several methods have been proposed that consider the neutral marker information in validating the involvement of candidate genes. However, some statistical information may be lost because of the presence of both the QTL and candidate gene effects in the model of analysis. Here, the Bayes factor is suggested as an alternative and a procedure for its calculation between candidate gene and QTL models is presented. The procedure is illustrated with a simulation study and with an example consisting of three SNPs detected at the leptin receptor (LEPR) in an experimental intercross between Iberian and Landrace pigs. The results indicate that the Bayes factor procedure is more powerful than the classical approach.     

菠菜霜霉病抗性遗传与育种研究进展

菠菜是重要的深绿色叶用蔬菜,具有很高的营养价值,但随着菠菜的大规模种植,菠菜病害尤其是霜霉病为害逐渐增加,给种植者造成重大的损失,选育抗病的优良新品种是解决此问题的关键。收集种质资源,筛选鉴定抗病相关基因是进行菠菜抗病育种的前提和基础。从菠菜霜霉病种质资源的收集、抗性遗传与育种、分子标记及抗性机理等方面,综述了菠菜霜霉病抗病遗传育种的研究进展,以期为菠菜霜霉病抗病育种提供参考。     

苹果MdCBL家族基因表达分析及MdCBL1的功能鉴定

利用生物信息学的方法,对10个苹果MdCBLs家族蛋白的功能域进行预测,并与拟南芥AtCBLs家族的10个蛋白进行了系统进化分析,同时对苹果MdCBLs基因进行了系统的命名。利用qRT-PCR,检测了苹果MdCBLs基因在不同组织的表达及对非生物胁迫(包括盐、低温、ABA、干旱)的响应,结果表明,MdCBLs在苹果不同组织及非生物胁迫中起重要作用。另外,通过遗传转化苹果愈伤组织鉴定了MdCBL1在盐胁迫中的功能,MdCBL1过量表达明显提高了转基因愈伤组织的盐胁迫抗性。     

外源赤霉素诱导‘藤稔’葡萄果实差异表达基因的cDNA-RAPD分析

【目的】为鉴定葡萄果实赤霉素诱导响应基因,【方法】应用cDNA-RAPD技术,以鲜食葡萄品种‘藤稔’为研究对象,对赤霉素处理后果实发育过程中基因表达进行了mRNA指纹分析。【结果】通过16条随机引物的筛选,共分离得到61个差异表达的转录衍生片段(TDF),其中增强表达或赤霉素诱导下特异性表达TDF42条,抑制表达19条。对其中18个TDF进行了克隆、测序和序列分析发现,17个TDF与NCBI已有序列同源,其中10个为已知功能基因,另有1个TDF无同源序列。对选取的6个TDF进行半定量RT-PCR验证,结果表明3个基因片段在处理条件下均特异表达或上调表达,另外3个基因片段在处理条件下均未见表达或下调表达,这与cDNA-RAPD表达谱结果相一致。【结论】利用cDNA-RAPD技术成功分离了部分受赤霉素诱导的差异表达基因。     

Characterization of wild Prunus yedoensis analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeat and chloroplast DNA

This study was initiated to attempt clarify the identities of taxa referred to as Prunus yedoensis that grows under natural environments in Jeju, Korea and of Yoshino cherry hybrids of cultivated origin (also recorded as P. × yedoensis) in Japan, and to understand the difference between these two taxa. P. yedoensis and other species collected from natural habitats from Jeju, Korea and cultivated materials of Yoshino cherries from Tokyo and Washington, DC, were analyzed with inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, and sequence analysis of two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) genes, rpl16 and trnL-trnF spacer. Depending on the source of Yoshino cherry, accessions show variations with ISSR and cpDNA. Accessions belonging to each of P. serrulata var. spontanea, P. serrulata var. pubescens, and P. sargentii were grouped closely to P. yedoensis and Yoshino cherry accessions. However, two Yoshino cherry accessions that include ‘Akebono’ showed the same rpl16 haplotype of A and A at the position of 113 and 206, respectively, which were found in 4 out of 16 P. yedoensis accessions. Twelve accessions of P. yedoensis and 11 other Yoshino cherries showed rpl16 haplotype of T and A at these positions. P. yedoensis native to Korea can be considered different from Yoshino cherry of hybrid origin from Japan based on ISSR markers and rpl16 haplotypes. Therefore, it may be concluded that the Korean taxon currently referred to as P. yedoensis can be considered indigenous and sufficiently distinct to warrant recognition as a distinct entity.