梨九绵蚜一些新型记述(同翅目:瘿绵蚜科)

对梨九绵蚜 ( Siciunguisnovena Zgang et Hu,1 999)的干母 (在原生寄主榆树上 )、有翅干雌 (原生寄主上的有翅孤雌蚜 )、无翅侨蚜 (次生寄主梨树上的无翅孤雌蚜 )、有翅性母 (次生寄主上的有翅孤雌蚜 )、雌、雄性蚜 (在原生寄主上 )、卵 (在原生寄主上 )等各型成体均进行了描述 ,除有翅性母外 ,其余各型均为首次记述。所有研究用标本均保存在中国科学院动物研究所昆虫标本馆内     

水稻不同基因型吸收利用土壤钾素的差异

利用特制的淹水培养装置,选取耐低钾和缺钾敏感的两个水稻基因型,研究它们吸收利用土壤钾素的差异.结果表明,在低钾条件下,耐性基因型辐简稻地上部生长未受明显抑制,而根干重略有增大.供钾充足时,根际及近根土壤中4种形态钾的亏缺程度都是缺钾敏感基因型81394大于耐低钾基因型辐简稻,这与81394生物量大,需钾量大的遗传特性有关.缺钾条件下,辐简稻距根2 mm内根际土壤易交换态速效钾和可交换态速效钾的平均亏缺率分别为96%和84%,而81394分别为93.7%和66%;在辐简稻近根10 mm土壤中,两形态钾亏缺率仍为83%和84%,而81394分别减小至53%和44%.易释放态缓效钾在两基因型间差异不显著.辐简稻距根3 mm内根际土壤难释放态缓效钾的平均亏缺率为56.6%,显著高于81394.研究发现,辐简稻根际土壤pH的降低程度大于81394,这可能是辐简稻根系适应低钾胁迫分泌更多质子的结果及促进难释放态缓效钾向速效态钾转化的原因.     

氮素形态在土壤中的转化及对烤烟产量的影响

 试验研究了云南省玉溪地区气候、土壤条件下,铵态氮、尿素施入土壤中的转化,使用硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）研究不同形态氮及其比例对烤烟生长的影响,以及施用秸秆、油饼对烤烟生长的影响。结果表明,施入土壤中的铵态氮、尿素其水解和硝化过程约在施肥后的1个月内完成,土壤中硝态氮含量随时间逐渐下降,1个月后土壤中铵态氮、硝态氨含量都降至痕量水平;硝化抑制剂对铵态氮硝化有显著的抑制效果;铵态氮、硝态氮对烤烟产量没有影响,秸秆、油饼则显著降低烤烟产量。     

退化砂姜黑土的无机磷特性及其活性研究

通过对退化砂姜黑土的无机磷组成和活化方法进行研究，结果表明：砂姜黑土的无机磷以磷灰石（Ca10-P)和闭蓄态磷酸盐（O-P）的含量为高，分别占无机磷总量的27%-48%和26%-37%。砂姜黑土中无机磷的总量以及其中Ca2-P、Al-P、Fe-P的含量均随着土壤肥力的退化而显著降低。在退化砂姜黑土中施用有机肥，能够大幅度提高速效磷的含量，而施用含有一定旦溶磷细菌的肥料则可以在不增加全磷量的情况下，促进土壤中Ca10-P和Ca8-P等向Ca2-P、Al-P等形态无机磷的转化，从而提高土壤中速效磷的含量。     

污泥中几种重金属元素在砂土中的运移

通过土柱实验，研究了污泥中几种重金属元素Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｎｉ，Ｐｂ的运移特点和形态。实验表明，表层４ｃｍ土壤混入６％的污泥后，显著增加了Ｃｕ，Ｎｉ，Ｚｎ的淋出量，而Ｐｂ没有显著增加。淋出液中Ｃｕ，Ｎｉ几乎都是配位态重金属，Ｚｎ则有较高比例的非配位态离子。土壤对Ｃｕ＾２＋的吸附能力大于Ｚｎ＾２＋，Ｃｕ＾２＋与有机物的配位能力强于Ｚｎ＾２＋。水溶性有机物与重金属的配位反应对Ｃｕ，Ｎｉ运移影响较大。Ｚｎ的运     

牛叠朊编码基因缺失突变体的构建及在大肠杆菌中的表达

本实验室已制备出多株针对牛叠朊的单克隆抗体,为充分鉴定这些单克隆抗体针对的抗原表位,通过基因克隆表达的策略获取牛叠朊基因缺失突变体的重组蛋白,以期为单克隆抗体的表位鉴定提供物质材料。经过对牛成熟叠朊编码基因及预测蛋白结构特征的分析,设计表达9个缺失突变体的引物。以PCR扩增出叠朊基因的缺失突变体,与pET-30a（＋）表达载体连接后转入E.coli DH5α中,经双酶切和测序鉴定后将重组质粒转入E.coliJM109和E.coli BL21表达宿主菌中,经IPTG诱导表达后,以SDS-PAGE、Western blot和ELISA检测表达产物的相对分子质量、相对表达量和反应原性。结果表明,成功构建了9个牛叠朊编码基因的缺失突变体,通过IPTG的诱导表达,其中有6个缺失突变体被大肠杆菌高效表达,并且具有较好的反应原性,这为其单克隆抗体表位的进一步鉴定奠定了物质基础。     

土壤腐殖质氮结构的X-光电能谱研究

X－ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) was applied to examine the N structures of soil humic substances and some of their analogues.It was found that for soil humic substances XPS method gave similar results as those obtained by ^15N CPMAS NMR (cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance) method.70%-86% of total N in soil humic substances was in the form of amide,and 6%-13% was presented as ammes,with the remaining part as heterocyclic N.There was no difference in the distribution of the forms of N between the humic substances from soils formed over hundreds or thousands of years and the newly formed ones.For fulvic acid from weathered coal and benzoquinone-(NH4)2SO4 polymer the XPS results deviated significantly from the ^15N CPMAS NMR data.     

Spatial variability of O layer thickness and humus forms under different pine beech–forest transformation stages in NE Germany

Spatial variability of humus layer (O layer) thicknesses can have important impacts upon soil water dynamics, nutrient storage and availability, as well as plant growth. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the impact of forest‐transformation practices on the spatial variability of O layer thicknesses. The study focused on the Kahlenberg forest area (NE Germany) with stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) of different age structures that form a transformation chronosequence from pure Scots pine stands towards pure European beech stands. Topsoil profiles including both, the O layer and the uppermost humic mineral soil horizon were excavated at intervals of 0.4 m along 15–20 m long transects, and spatial variability of O layer thicknesses was quantified by variogram analysis. The correlation lengths of total O layer thickness increased in the sequence consisting of pure pine stand (3.1 m) → older mixed stand (3.7 m) → pure beech stand (4.5 m), with the exception of the younger mixed stand, for which no correlation lengths of total O layer thickness could be determined. The degree of spatial correlation, i.e., the percentage of the total variance which can be described by variograms, was highest for the two monospecies stands, whereas this percentage was distinctly lower for the two mixed stands. A similar minimum for the two mixed stands was observed for the correlation lengths of the Oh horizon. These results suggest that the spatial structures of forest‐transformation stands may be interpreted in terms of a disturbance (in the form of the underplanting of beech trees). After this disturbance, the forest ecosystem requires at least 100 y to again reach relative equilibrium. These findings are in line with the results of other soil‐related investigations at these sites.     

灌溉方法对保护地土壤有机氮组分及剖面分布的影响

用Bremner有机氮分组法测定了连续7年采用不同灌溉方法灌溉的保护地土壤各剖面层次有机氮组分含量。结果表明,土壤全氮及有机氮各组分含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,但有机氮各组分占全氮的比例随土层深度增加的变化却无明显规律。用3种灌溉方法灌溉,不同土层间土壤有机氮各组分含量的差异主要存在于0~50 cm土层,50 cm以下差异很小;相同土层,土壤有机态氮含量均以酸解氮为主,且酸解氮中各组分绝对含量和相对含量的大小排列顺序均为,未知态氮>氨态氮>氨基酸态氮>氨基糖态氮。在0~80 cm土层,土壤酸解氮占全氮的比例大多在58%~60%之间,只有渗灌处理0~10 cm,10~20 cm及沟灌处理0~10 cm土层酸解氮占全氮的比例较低,分别为34.21%,50.75%和48.02%;而非酸解氮占全氮的比例大多在32%~36%之间。3种灌溉方法相比较,除个别层次外,酸解氮中氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮及氨态氮占全氮的比例在各土层中滴灌和渗灌处理均高于沟灌处理,而酸解未知态氮和非酸解氮占全氮的比例则为沟灌处理高于滴灌和渗灌处理。