动物胚胎工程技术研究进展

动物胚胎生物工程是用人工方法对动物卵母细胞或胚胎进行改造的技术,在育种中可使优良的种质特性和遗传潜力得到充分发挥,是家畜繁殖领域的一次技术革命.论述了目前国内外胚胎生物工程的研究成果.     

鸡抗球虫药的体外筛选综述

抗鸡球虫药的筛选分为体内筛选和体外筛选。体外筛选具有简易、迅速、准确和经济的优点。本文在前人大量工作的基础上，总结了体外筛选的全过程，并分述了细胞培养筛选法和鸡胚培养筛选法。     

山羊孤雌胚胎的体外培养

系统地研究了培养液微滴的大小、培养液体系及血清浓度对山羊孤雌胚胎早期体外发育的影响。结果表明，培养液微滴以较大体积(200～500μL)的培养效果较好；在3种培养液中，添加10％的NGS对山羊孤雌胚胎的体外发育效果较好，囊胚率分别可达62．79％(81／129)、53．52％(38／71)、13．64％(12／88)；mCRlaa组囊胚发育率和囊胚细胞数显著低于SOFaa组和CRlaa组，SOFaa组优于CRlaa组，尽管SOFaa组和CRlaa组间无显著差异。在本试验条件下，以SOFaa培养液，山羊孤雌胚胎体外培养72h时加入10％的NGs，500μL微滴培养，其发育效果较好，囊胚率可达62．79％。     

母牛一胎双犊技术的研究

选择9头母牛先行人工授精、7天后再移植冷冻胚胎以生产双犊。试验结果表明,母牛产双犊达44.44%(P<0.01)。提示:采用A(I人工授精)+ET(胚胎移植)是提高母牛双犊率的有效技术措施之一。     

烯丙孕素口服液调控母猪同期发情的研究进展

烯丙孕素口服液在国外已被广泛用于母猪同期发情,给药期间可抑制母猪发情,停止给药后重新释放天然激素,母猪会重返发情,以达到同步发情。详细阐述了烯丙孕素口服液的作用机制、药代动力学、临床应用、残留以及毒性,以期为其研究与开发提供一定的参考。烯丙孕素口服液在治疗性成熟母猪同期发情上有较好的应用前景。     

民国时期西北地区苜蓿栽培利用刍考

自汉代苜蓿引入我国以来,受到历朝历代的重视,民国时期亦不例外,苜蓿种植利用也得到了发展。在收集近现代有关苜蓿研究文献的基础上,对民国时期西北地区苜蓿种植利用情形进行了梳理与归纳,结果表明,在民国时期西北地区乃为我国苜蓿种植集中区,在陕西、甘肃、新疆、绥远(西部)、宁夏和青海等都有种植,据不完全考查,种植苜蓿的县有52个,其中以陕西最多,达22个县,甘肃次之为14个县,新疆为8个县,绥远(西部)为3个县,宁夏2县(道)和青海1个县。特别是陕甘宁边区发展苜蓿的势头高涨,如1942年边区政府在延安、安塞、甘泉、志丹、定边、靖边等县种植苜蓿达3万亩,陇东种植苜蓿2.3万亩;1944年延川县紫花苜蓿保留面积2.0万亩,到1949年,陕西全省种植苜蓿约98.49万亩。1949年新疆苜蓿保留面积达29300 hm²。绥远河套地区还进行了苜蓿粮草轮作,并建立了苜蓿种植基地。为了鼓励苜蓿种植,边区政府出台了不少政策,例如,1941年边区政府公布了《陕甘宁边区政府建设厅关于种牧草的指示信》,1942年边区政府颁布了《陕甘宁边区卅一年推广苜蓿实施办法》等,李仪祉在治理黄河的方略中,从大农业、生态环境和经济效益出发,提倡广种苜蓿,肥田养畜,并提出了4条种植苜蓿的措施。李烛尘提出,苜蓿根入土深,且能耐旱,适宜西北地区种植和培植草原。苜蓿除用于饲喂家畜外,幼嫩时可当蔬菜食用,在灾荒年也是百姓很好的救荒食物,苜蓿作为农产品常出现在兰州的市场上,试验表明苜蓿保存水土流失的作用要大于作物。     

三江源区土壤侵蚀变化及驱动因素分析

采用修正通用土壤流失方程(revised universal soil loss equation, RUSLE)对三江源区1997-2012年的土壤侵蚀模数和土壤侵蚀量进行定量模拟,并对其生态工程实施前、后时空变化特征进行对比分析,采用空间叠加法分析降雨侵蚀力及植被覆盖度对土壤侵蚀状况的影响,利用模型参数控制法对气候变化和生态工程对土壤侵蚀变化的贡献率进行分析。结果表明:1)生态工程实施后,三江源区土壤侵蚀增加的趋势尚未得到遏制,多年平均年土壤侵蚀模数和侵蚀量较工程实施前增加6.5%,但局部地区土壤侵蚀状况有所好转,约占总面积的45%;2)长江流域在工程实施后的土壤侵蚀量与工程实施前基本持衡;黄河流域土壤侵蚀量增加明显,增幅超过45%;澜沧江流域土壤侵蚀量有所下降,降幅为9.8%;3)降水增强导致土壤侵蚀加剧的贡献率达到180%,植被恢复对土壤侵蚀变化的贡献率为-80%。全面遏制三江源区土壤侵蚀增加趋势,仍需持续努力。     

Differential gene expression of Eph‐ephrin A1 and LEPR‐LEP with high or low number of embryos in pigs during implantation

The objective of this study was to ascertain whether mRNA and protein expressions of implantation‐related genes (erythropoietin‐producing hepatocellular receptor–ligand A1, Eph‐ephrin A1 and leptin receptor–leptin, LEPR‐LEP) differed between pigs with high and low number of embryos, and whether these differences in gene expression might affect embryo implantation. Experimental pig groups (n = 24) for high and low number of embryos were prepared by altering the number of eggs ovulated in pre‐pubertal gilts treated with 1.5 × (High) or 1.0 × (Low) PG600 ([400 IU PMSG + 200 IU hCG]/dose, AKZO‐NOBEL). Gilts expressing oestrus were artificially inseminated twice and maintained in breeding and gestation until the reproductive tract was collected on day 22 of pregnancy. At slaughter, the reproductive tracts from each pregnant gilt from each treatment were immediately processed to collect samples for RNA and protein analysis. Within each gilt, three conceptus points were sampled, one from each horn and then a random conceptus within the tract. At each conceptus point, endometrial attachment site, chorion–allantois and embryo were collected and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Number of corpus luteum (CL) (35.4 vs. 12.6) and total embryo number (18.8 vs. 10.2) were greater in the high‐embryo compared to the low‐embryo group, respectively (p < .05). Real‐time qPCR results showed that Eph‐ephrin A1 mRNA expression was less in the high‐embryo (p < .05) compared to the low‐embryo group. In addition, Western blotting analysis indicated that Eph‐ephrin A1 and LEP protein expression at endometrial attachment site in high‐embryo was less (p < .05) compared to low‐embryo group. It was also noted that mRNA expression of Eph‐ephrin A1 and LEPR‐LEP was greater in pregnant than non‐pregnant gilts (p < .05). Moreover, mRNA expression of Eph‐ephrin A1 (p < .05) and LEPR‐LEP was greatest at endometrial attachment site among all three tissues. There was a positive correlation between expressions of Eph‐ephrin A1, LEPR‐LEP and embryo length with the correlation coefficient 0.31–0.59. For Eph‐ephrin A1, the highest correlation coefficient appeared between Eph A1 expression and normal embryo number, between ephrin A1 expression and embryo length. For LEPR‐LEP, the highest correlation coefficient appeared between LEPR‐LEP expression and ovary weight (0.79 for both, p < .05), followed by embryo length and weight. The results of this study suggest that low expression of Eph‐ephrin A1 and LEPR‐LEP is somehow related to increased embryo number during implantation and that endometrial attachment site might be the main target tissue of these gene products. Yet, the increased expression of Eph‐ephrin A1 and LEPR‐LEP appeared associated with increased embryo growth (length and weight) and ovary weight, Eph‐ephrin A1 and LEPR‐LEP might play roles in the regulation of embryo implantation in pigs.