小麦-滨麦附加易位系DM 5911的创制及其细胞遗传学鉴定

滨麦(Leymus mollis(Trin.)Pilger,NsNsXmXm,2n=28)具有抗旱、耐寒、抗多种真菌和细菌病害、茎秆粗壮、大穗多花等特性,是麦类作物品种改良的优异种质资源。本研究采用细胞遗传学方法对由八倍体小滨麦M842-16与硬粒小麦品种D 4286杂交F6代选育出的1个附加易位系DM 5911进行了鉴定和农艺性状分析。细胞学镜检显示,DM 5911的染色体构型为2n=44=22Ⅱ;根尖体细胞原位杂交鉴定显示,DM 5911含有2条完整的Ns染色体和2条易位的Ns染色体;花粉母细胞原位杂交鉴定显示,DM 5911的2条完整Ns染色体和2条易位Ns染色体可以进行正常的联会配对和遗传。表明DM 5911是1个遗传稳定、包含1对完整的Ns染色体和1对易位Ns染色体的小滨麦附加易位系。形态学调查显示,DM 5911在株高和分蘖数等农艺性状方面得到了明显的改善。该附加易位系作为进一步创制小滨麦小片段染色体易位系的重要种质材料,可用于小麦染色体工程育种与遗传改良。     

化学杂交剂SQ-1对小麦育性及农艺性状的影响

为了给化学杂交剂SQ-1的合理使用提供依据,以5个品种(系)、3个喷施时期、3个喷施剂量的三因素裂区试验研究了SQ-1对小麦育性及农艺性状的影响.结果表明,SQ-1诱导参试品种(系)的相对不育率最高为98.7%～100%;在相对不育率达到95%～100%的处理中,各品种(系)的最高饱和授粉结实率达到71.7%～82.6%.适宜的喷施时期是主茎旗叶从倒2叶鞘伸出1/2时,多数品种的适宜剂量为2 000 mL/667 m2.喷施SQ-1可使小麦抽穗期延迟0～1 d,株高降低0～3.6 cm,倒2叶和倒3叶有轻度灼伤,百粒重平均比对照降低9.3%,种子发芽率平均比对照降低4.9个百分点.     

花生种间杂交及其胚营救技术研究

花生野生种Arachiscardenasii与栽培品种以常规方法杂交，其杂交成功率和杂种生活力均较低。利用胚营救技术将杂交获得的未成熟胚珠和胚进行离体培养，可诱导幼胚分化发育或使胚成熟萌发。离体培养杂种小苗的带腋芽茎段，用MS＋BA4ms／L＋CH600mg／L培养基诱导产生了愈伤组织和芽原基。通过继代增殖培养，平均每个愈伤组织获得22．6和24．6个芽原基以及6．1和7．2个无根小苗。经诱根培养（MS＋NAA0．2mg／L），再生苗即生长成为完整植株。     

The maturation of the salmon GnRH system and its regulation by gonadal steroids in masu salmon

Pituitary gonadotropin (GTH) secreting cells and brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreting neurons are known to be subjected to feedback control by gonadal steroid in teleosts. In masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, salmon GnRH (sGnRH) neurons in the ventral telencephalon (VT) and the preoptic area (POA) are involved in the control of GTH cells because sGnRH synthesis in these areas is activated with gonadal maturation. In this study, we attempted to clarify mechanisms of feedback control of sGnRH neurons by gonadal steroids. We examined the effects of 17-methyltestosterone (MT) on sGnRH synthesis in yearling and 2-year-old female fish (which were immature during experimentation in May), and the effects of castration on sGnRH synthesis in underyearling precocious male fish in August. sGnRH synthesis in the POA, but not in the VT, was increased by MT administration in 2-year-old females only, indicating higher sensitivity to MT in the preoptic sGnRH neurons. Castration increased sGnRH synthesis in the VT but not in the POA. These results suggest that sGnRH neurons in the VT and those in the POA are differentially regulated by gonadal steroids.     

林木远缘杂交育种现状及研究进展

远缘杂交是拓宽种内遗传资源、扩大基因库和弥补近源杂交局限性的重要手段, 目前在林业生产上已取得了重要成果。然而, 由于生殖隔离的存在, 远缘杂交往往具有一定的不亲和性, 对育种进程造成了较大的阻碍。文中对远缘杂交育种的发展历史、原理、育种策略及在林业上的研究成果进行了综述, 并对远缘杂交育种过程中存在的困难及解决办法进行了分析, 以期为远缘杂交育种在林业上的应用提供参考。     

The origin of six-rowed ‘wild’ barley from the western Himalaya

Summary Plants were grown from seed of two-rowed wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, and six-rowed brittlerachised barley. H. agriocrithon, collected in Ladakh, north-western India. Whereas the H. spontaneum remained true to type, segregation for morphological characters was observed in progeny rows grown from heads of H. agriocrithon plants. The H. agriocrithon heads also showed segregation for a biochemical character, the polypeptide pattern of the endosperm storage protein fraction (hordein). The H. agriocrithon seed therefore originated from natural hybridization between cultivated H. vulgare and weedy H. spontaneum. Crosses of H. vulgare and H. spontaneum gave progeny which resembled H. agriocrithon and showed similar hordein polypeptide segregation patterns. The results indicate that six-rowed brittle-rach ised barleys from the Himalayas have a similar origin to forms found in the Middle East, and that H. agriocrithon does not play a direct role in the evolution of barley.     

Breaking the crossability barriers between disomic tetraploid Solanum acaule and tetrasomic tetraploid S. tuberosum

Summary A combination of compatible second pollinations and embryo rescue was applied for systematic production of true tetraploid hybrids from crosses between disomic tetraploid Solanum acaule and tetrasomic tetraploid potato, S. tuberosum. Several genotypes of tetraploid potatoes were pollinated with S. acaule, and the compatible second pollinations were made on the following day, with a genotype of S. phureja, IvP 35 to promote fruit development. Embryo rescue was carried out in 21 families, 14 to 27 days after the first pollination. A total of eight plants were obtained from the embryo rescue and their chromosome numbers were counted in the root tips. Three of the eight plants were identified as tetraploid, and five others as diploid. Morphology, isozyme banding patterns, and pollen stainability, as well as potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) resistance, indicated the hybrid nature of the three plants. This is the first report of successful tetraploid hybrid production between disomic tetraploid S. acaule (4x) and tetrasomic tetraploid potatoes. Seed set from the crosses between one of hybrids and diploid potatoes indicated workable levels of both male and female fertility for introgression of valuable genes from S. acaule into the cultivated potato gene pool. The methodology used may be applied to other disomic tetraploid tuber-bearing Solanum species and with some modifications also to distantly related solanaceous species and genera.     

Development of B-Genome Chromosome Addition Lines of B. napus Using Different Interspecific Brassica Hybrids

By interspecific hybridization within the genus Brassica, trigenomic haploids were produced and back-crossed four times with B. napus, variety ‘Andor’. From this material, monosomic B-genome chromosome addition lines were selected with the extra chromosome derived from three different B-genome sources, i.e., B. nigra (BB), B. carinata (BBCC), and B. juncea (AABB). After selfing and/or microspore culture, disomic addition lines were obtained. Meiotic behavior was studied of the trigenomic hybrids, the pentaploid BC₁ plants, and the monosomic addition lines. The addition lines were shown to possess cytological stability and good fertility.     

嫁接在杨树远缘杂交育种上的应用研究

为了在吉林省西部地区选育出耐盐碱性强,又能无性扦插育苗进行快速繁殖的杨树新品种,选用了白杨派的银新杨作母本与青杨派的小叶杨为父本进行远缘杂交育种,但两派之间杂交不亲和。为解决这一问题,进行了先嫁接再杂交的育种方法。试验表明,此方法在一定程度上提高了远缘杂交的结实率,而且杂种苗具有明显的父母本双亲的性状,为杨树新品种培育开辟了新的途径。     

三角帆蚌肝脏瘟病感染期抑制性消减cDNA文库的构建与分析

采用抑制性消减杂交技术构建了三角帆蚌肝脏瘟病感染期抑制性消减cDNA文库。经检验,差异表达基因均被富集了 2¹⁰倍左右,证明构建的 cDNA 消减文库具有很强的消减效率。PCR 鉴定发现,在随机挑取的阳性克隆中,95% 的克隆均含有 0.2～1.0 kb 的插入片段,这些片段可能是三角帆蚌瘟病病毒感染后差异表达基因的cDNA片段。测序共获得 214 个有效 cDNA 序列,分别属于8 大类,共 98 个基因。其中细胞分裂基因 2个、细胞结构与运动基因 9 个、代谢基因 10 个、信号传导基因 7 个、细胞防疫基因 10 个、基因与蛋白表达基因 20 个、未知功能蛋白基因 26 个,GenBank中找不到任何同源序列的基因 14 个。结果说明,构建的差异表达cDNA文库,可较好地反映三角帆蚌瘟病病毒对三角帆蚌影响的基因信息。