Protein and energy utilization of boiled rice-legume diets and boiled cereals in growing rats

In growing rats, boiled milled rice-legume diets (2:1 N ratio) had lower energy digestigibility than boiled milled rice and equal if not better true digestibility, biological value, and net protein utilization (NPU). Rice-soybean diets showed better NPU than the other rice-legume diets. Boiled whole-grain corn and sorghum had lower digstible energy and NPU than boiled milled rice. NPU of the diets did not follow strictly the trend of the amino acid score of the diets; phenol (tannin) content reduced energy and protein digestibility of all diets, but sugars reduced energy and protein digestibilities of rice-legume diets only.     

Development, growth and chemical composition of the potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.). I. leaf and stem

Summary In this first part of a review the development of the potato leaf and stem is described, based on research data and literature. The development over time, the daily changes of fresh and dry matter, the contents of organic and inorganic components (dry matter, starch, sugars, organic acids, ascorbic acid, nitrogenous compounds, nitrate, glycoalkaloids, chlorophyll, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, trace elements), and physiological parameters (rate of assimilation and photosynthesis, activity of enzymes) of the leaf and stem are described and discussed for every phenological growth stage of the potato crop.     

Potato cuttings as models to study maturation and senescence

Summary Single leaf cuttings with their subtended axillary buds proved to be useful models to study maturation and senescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Senescence was more rapid if the cultivar was early maturing or if plants were exposed to short days before cuttings were taken. Rooting was decreased by short days before cutting; excision of the buried bud only partially overcame the effects on senescence and rooting. High rates of N to mother plants in the field delayed senescence of cuttings in a way analogous to the delayed senescence of field plants. The tuberization of cuttings from late maturing cultivars was decreased by high rates of N. The color of crisps made from bud tubers was positively correlated with the color of crisps made from ordinary tubers of the same cultivars. Sugar concentrations in bud tubers decreased as cuttings became more senescent and increased after cold storage. Bud tubers harvested while ‘immature’ had greater concentrations of reducing sugars after 90 d at 10°C than did ‘mature’ bud tubers. Paper No. 878, Department of Vegetable Crops, Cornell University. This research was supported through HATCH project NYS161414, a contributing project to Regional Project NC150, and through HATCH project NYS161407.     

Seed tuber susceptibility toErwinia chrysanthemi: Evaluation of altered tuber physiology as a means of reducing incidence and severity of soft rot

Summary Tubers, cv. Sebago, previously treated or untreated with Rindite were stored under different light and temperature regimes in 2 seasons for up to 8 weeks to produce physiological conditions ranging from dormancy in the dark to vigorous sprouting in light. No treatment prior to inoculation withErwinia chrysanthemi (Sabet) Victoria, Arboleda & Munoz reduced the incidence of severity of soft rot compared with tubers stored under conditions approximating those in the field. Rindite treatment to break dormancy increased incidence and severity of rotting in tubers previously stored at 5°C but had no significant effect on ambient stored tubers. Exposure to light had no consistent significant effect although there was a tendency to reduce the incidence, but not the severity, of rotting. Reducing sugar levels and moisture content were not correlated with soft rot either on a treatment or individual tuber basis. The data showed no predictive correlation between these parameters and the incidence or severity ofE. chrysanthemi soft rot.

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Zusammenfassung Knollen der Sorte Sebago, vorher mit Rindite behandelt oder nicht behandelt, wurden bei unterschiedlichen Licht- und Temperaturverh?ltnissen bis zu 8 Wochen in zwei Vegetationsperioden zur Erzeugung verschiedenartiger physiologischer Konditionen (wechselnd von Dormanz im Dunkeln bis kr?ftiger Keimung bei Licht) gelagert. Die Knollen wurden in Abst?nden aus dem Lager entnommen, Oberfl?chen-sterilisiert und dann durch Tauch- oder Stichinfektion mitE. chrysanthemi inokuliert. Auftreten und St?rke von Nassf?ule-L?sionen wurden nach 96-stündiger Inkubation bei 30°C gemessen. Keine Behandlung vor Inokulation senkte Auftreten und St?rke der L?sionen im Vergleich zu Lagerung unter ann?hernd praktischen verh?ltnissen bei den Farmern (Tabelle 1; 8 Wochen bei normaler Aussentemperatur in diffusem Licht). Rindite-Behandlung zur Brechung der Dormanz erh?hte sowohl Vorkommen wie auch St?rke der F?ule bei Knollen, die vorher bei 5°C gelagert waren, hatte jedoch keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf normal gelagerte Knollen. Lagerung von Knollen unterhalb von normalen Temperaturen reduzierte nachfolgende F?ule nicht, mit Ausnahme der bei 15°C Stich-inokulierten Knollen (Tabelle 2). Die L?nge der Lagerungszeit vor der Inokulation hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Vorkommen von Nassf?ule-L?sionen in 1980, und im darauffolgenden Jahr reduzierte sich das Auftreten nur in Knollen, die vier Wochen oder l?nger vorgelagert worden waren. Licht hatte keinen durchgehend signifikanten Einfluss, obwohl sich eine Tendenz zur Reduzierung des Vorkommens, nicht aber der St?rke der F?ule ergab. Keine signifikante Korrelation ergab sich bei einer der Behandlungen oder den einzelnen Knollenstadien zwischen St?rke der Nassf?ule und Feuchtigkeits-Potential oder dem Gehalt an reduzierenden Zuckern. Abbildungen 1 and 2 zeigen die nicht vorhersagbare Beziehung zwischen beiden Parametern und der St?rke der Nassf?ule nach bakterieller Infektion.

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Résumé Des tubercules, cv. Sebago, sont non traités ou traités préalablement à la rindite puis conservés sous différentes conditions de lumière et de température pendant des durées pouvant aller jusqu'à 8 semaines et sur deux saisons afin de créer des variations physiologiques allant de la dormance à l'obscurité jusqu'à une germination vigoureuse à la lumière. Les tubercules sont prélevés à différentes périodes de la conservation, leur surface est stérilisée et ils sont ensuite inoculés par trempage ou par piq?re avecE. chrysanthemi. L'incidence et l'importance des lésions par pourriture molle sont observés après 96 h d'incubation à 30°C. Aucun traitement (tableau 1) avant inoculation ne réduit l'incidence ou la gravité des lésions par rapport à des tubercules conservés sous des conditions proches de celles utilisées par les agriculteurs (8 semaines à température ambiante en lumière diffuse). Les traitements à la rindite destinés à lever la dormance augmentent à la fois l'incidence et la gravité des pourritures pour des tubercules préalablement stockés à 5°C. Mais ce traitement n'a aucun effet significatif pour des tubercules stockés à température ambiante. Pour des températures plus basses, la conservation ne réduit pas de fa?on conséquente les pourritures, sauf, pour des tubercules inoculés par piq?res à 15°C (tableau 2). La durée de conservation avant inoculation n'avait pas d'effet significatif sur l'incidence des lésions par pourriture molle en 1980 et l'année suivante, seuls les tubercules conservés pendant 4 semaines et plus ont présenté une diminution significative des lésions. L'exposition à la lumière n'a pas d'effet significatif, quoiqu'elle ait tendance à réduire l'incidence mais pas la gravité de la pourriture. Il n'y a pas de corrélation significative au niveau d'un traitement ou des tubercules pris individuellement entre la gravité de la pourriture molle et la teneur en eau on en sucres réducteurs des tubercules. Les figures 1 et 2 illustrent l'absence de relation entre ces deux paramètres et la gravité de la pourriture molle.

     

Response of mango tree nutritional status and biochemical constituents to boron and nitrogen fertilization

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Al Malak Valley Farm, El-Sharkeya Governorate-Egypt (30°–51° N; 32°–53° E) using 15 years old productive mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees cv. Zebda. The experiment was repeated for two successive seasons (2014/2015) and (2015/2016). The trees were planted 8×8 meters apart in sandy soil under drip irrigation system using the Nile water. Treatments included three concentrations of boron (0.0, 250, 500?mg L^?1) and three concentrations of nitrogen (1000, 1250, 1500?g nitrogen/tree/year). Boron was applied as foliar spray of boric acid and nitrogen was applied to the soil as ammonium sulfate. Treatments were arranged in a factorial Completely Randomized Block Design with three replicates for each treatment. Results show that boron application has improved mango tree nutritional status. Leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and boron concentrations significantly increased as the boron application rate increased. In addition, boron application resulted in significant increase in leaf total chlorophyll, total carbohydrates, total sugars, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio and decrease in total phenol content. Boron showed higher impact than nitrogen on all tested parameters. The interaction treatment of 250?mg L^?1 boron and 1500?g/tree nitrogen proved to be the best treatment.     

Effects of aluminum on organic acid,sugar and amino acid composition of the root system of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

The effects of aluminum on the accumulation of sugars, amino acids and organic acids in two hybrid cultivars of sorghum were studied.

The concentration of these organic compounds increased in the roots of the Al‐treated plants, mainly in the tolerant cultivar. The composition of the organic acid fraction showed a significantly higher accumulation of trans‐aconitate and malate in the tolerant cultivar as compared with the sensitive one. The higher levels of these acids in the Al‐treated plants could be interpreted as being indicative of a chelating detoxifying mechanism of aluminum in these plants.     

Elucidation of factors contributing to onset of Cercospora leaf blight during later reproductive development of soybean

In Louisiana, Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) of soybean is primarily caused by Cercospora cf. flagellaris, which can be detected in asymptomatic leaves as early as V3 (third trifoliate) growth stage, while symptoms appear around R5 (beginning seed). The fungus produces cercosporin, an important virulence factor, the in vitro production of which is significantly reduced in the absence of simple sugars. Our objective was to investigate the role of foliar simple sugars and endophytic bacteria in CLB symptom onset. C. cf. flagellaris was cultured in filter-sterilized, untreated extracts made from asymptomatic R2 and R5 leaves; in extracts treated with chloroform to isolate hydrophilic molecules, including simple sugars; or with antibiotics to assess the role of endophytic bacteria. Endophytic bacteria were also isolated from leaves and leaf extracts and their interaction with C. cf. flagellaris was investigated. The fungus produced more cercosporin in total R5 and simple sugar-amended R2 leaf extracts, than in R2 leaf extracts. Furthermore, it produced more cercosporin in chloroform-treated R5 leaf extracts, which contained significantly higher levels of simple sugars, especially fructose, than the R2. To our knowledge, this is the first reported connection between foliar sugar content and cercosporin production. Additionally, morphologically diverse bacteria were isolated from different stages of soybean development. Also, bacterial endophytes in R5 leaf extracts and Paenibacillus polymyxa, isolated from R2 leaves, significantly reduced the growth of C. cf. flagellaris. These findings implicated soybean leaf fructose in CLB development and highlighted the potential of using foliar bacterial endophytes for CLB management.     

Elemental and chemical concentration in peach tree short life and healthy trees

Abstract

Elemental concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Zn, Mn, and Cu in peach tree short life (PTSL) trees were compared to concentrations in apparently healthy trees in the same orchard. Leaf and stem concentration of K were significantly less and concentrations of Fe and Al were significantly greater in PTSL trees than healthy trees. Leaf concentrations of Ca and Mg and stem concentrations of N, P, and Cu were also significantly less in PTSL trees than healthy trees. Increased levels of Fe and Al and a K:Fe ratio of less than 150:1 in the leaves and stems was associated with PTSL.

There were no detected differences in prunasin, amino acid, or sugar content of PTSL and healthy trees in leaf and stem samples, but significant differences in elemental content suggest some type of stress on the root system of PTSL trees.     

前处理对玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破效果的影响

为提高纤维乙醇生产过程中秸秆的预处理效果,该文研究了水预浸和CaO前处理对蒸汽爆破和酶解糖化的影响,并利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)及傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)对其影响机制进行了分析。结果表明:玉米秸秆经30%水(水料质量比30:100)预浸5d、经2%CaO(CaO与秸秆质量比2:100)处理3d或经30%水和2%CaO协同处理1d后再进行蒸汽爆破均可显著提高蒸汽爆破对木质素的降解,降解率由单独蒸汽爆破的20.6%分别提高到27.8%、35.1%和30.9%。玉米秸秆经3种复合预处理和酶解糖化后总糖浓度分别为3.81、3.59和3.46g/100mL,糖得率分别为42.2%、39.8%和38.3%,比单独蒸汽爆破预处理分别提高了23.7%、16.6%和12.3%。水预浸或CaO复合蒸汽爆破预处理后秸秆结构破坏严重,秸秆相对结晶度由单独蒸汽爆破的42.6%分别提高到47.0%和54.5%。水浸泡或CaO前处理可提高蒸汽爆破预处理效果和后期糖化效果,且所用试剂价格低廉,可以应用推广。     

迟熟蕉柑果实生长发育规律研究

2005～2008年对迟熟蕉柑果实生长发育规律进行研究,结果表明：迟熟蕉柑果实的生长曲线呈大S形,7月是迟熟蕉柑果实发育最快的时期,故每年的6月应加强肥水管理,特别是有机肥的供应,以保证果实的正常生长发育。在桂林,3—5月迟熟蕉柑果实可滴定酸的含量均超过1．0g,100mL果汁,全糖含量在6．4—8．3g,100mL果汁之间,属于高酸低糖品种。迟熟蕉柑果实固形物及酸的含量从3月开始呈下降趋势,糖酸比呈上升趋势,而且降酸快,降糖慢,糖酸比提高较快,有利于改善果实风味。