Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Standort, Saatstärke, N-Düngung, Sorte und Erntezeitpunkt auf den Ertrag und die Inhaltsstoffe von Zuckerhirse

Investigations into the effect of location, planting density, N-fertilization, variety and harvest date on yield and contents of sweet sorghum
Looking for high yielding plant species as renewable resources, sweet sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) seems to be an interesting crop.
In field trials at three locations in the south-west of Germany in 1983 and 1984 should be investigated the effect of N-fertilization, planting density, variety and harvest date on yield, different morphological characteristics and contents of sweet sorghum.
The results indicate that yields of 15-20 t DM/ha are only feasible when the given temperature sum is higher than 2000 °C (> 5°C). The maximum yield of 22.7 t DM/ha resp. 6.5 t/ha "Free Fermentable Sugar" (FFZ) was realized when a sufficient water supply and N-fertilization had been guaranteed.
The different possibilities of utilization of sweet sorghum e.g. as sugar crop, agricultural raw material for combustion or as forage crop urge the plant breeder to intensify the breeding efforts adapting this crop at the climatic conditions of Germany.     

Seasonal carbohydrate changes in two sweet orange varieties of the Navel group

Sugar and starch levels were determined in leaves, fruits, bark and roots of the ‘Navelate’ variety (low yield) and compared with those of ‘Washington Navel’ (standard yield). Old leaves had the lowest sugar content in May, while young leaves had a decreasing content from spring to summer in both varieties. ‘Navelate’ had lower sugar content in leaves, bark and roots than ‘Washington Navel’. Starch levels in the leaves showed a maximum towards the end of May. In winter, ‘Navelate’ had a higher starch content, mainly in the roots and bark, due to its low yield.     

Evaluation of performance of sorghum varieties grown in Tokyo for sugar accumulation and its correlation with vacuolar invertase genes SbInv1 and SbInv2

ABSTRACT

The sugar-accumulating potential of global and local sweet and grain sorghum varieties were tested under the local conditions. The basis for this study was the dependency of sugar accumulation on temperature and photoperiod. Thus, the efficacy of cultivars as a bioenergy source would need to be determined based on their performance under the local environmental conditions. A strong correlation of sucrose content with brix was observed, enabling large-scale screening of varieties for high sucrose content. The morphological characteristics inherent in sweet sorghum, such as tall stems, greater number of leaves and a longer vegetative period, were found to correlate with the total stem sugar content. Assessment of sugars along the stem revealed maximum sugar accumulation in the upper intermediate to upper internodes in most of the varieties tested. The maximum theoretical ethanol yield (MTEY), a function of brix and juice yield, was determined as a better indicator of testing the performance of a variety as a potential source of bioethanol, mainly due to a negative correlation of stem juiciness and sucrose content in the varieties tested. Further, the relative expression of vacuolar invertase genes, SbINV1 and SbINV2, was studied, and a strong negative correlation of SbINV2 to stem sucrose content was observed. This reveals a possibility of involvement of vacuolar invertase gene, SbINV2, in sugar accumulation in sweet sorghum stems, and as a key candidate for molecular breeding studies for higher stem sugar content.     

The influence of nitrate and ammonium forms of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and osmoregulation of digitaria eriantha and Chloris gayana grown under saline conditions

Abstract

Digltaria eriantha and Chloris gayana were grown under controlled conditions for three months and were treated with a nutrient solution containing 150 mMol NaCl and the following nitrogen sources: 25 or 200 mg/l NH₄ ⁺‐N or NO₃ ^?‐N or no nitrogen. The application of nitrogen was found to stimulate growth, i.e. leaf area and dry mass in both grasses, with a greatest growth response to both NH₄ ⁺—N treatments in D. eriantha, and NH₄ ⁺‐N and NO₃ ^?—N treatments in C. gayana. Proline accumulated in both grasses, but this accumulation followed different trends in the two grasses. Soluble sugars (non‐structural) accumulated in the above ground component in D. eriantha, while in C. gayana soluble sugars accumulated predominantly in the roots, possibly as osmotica, or for storage and may thus have been available for regrowth.     

Microbial residues were increased by film mulching with manure amendment in a semiarid agroecosystem

Amino sugars, as a kind of microbial residue, are strongly associated with cycling of microbial-derived soil organic matter. However, responses of amino sugars to agricultural practices on the Loess Plateau in North-western China are poorly known. The objective was to evaluate effects of film mulching (no film mulching + NPK fertilizers, CK; film mulching + NPK fertilizers, PF; film mulching + NPK fertilizers + cow manure, FM) on accumulations of amino sugars in this region. FM significantly increased total amino sugar by 190.46 mg kg^?1 in 0–10 cm layer and 214.66 mg kg^?1 in 10–20 cm layer relative to CK, but PF significantly decreased it by 139.28 mg kg^?1 in 0–10 cm layer. Ratios of glucosamine to muramic acid were markedly decreased by 2.50 in 0–10 cm layer and 2.28 in 10–20 cm layer in FM than CK, suggesting a tendency of microbial residues pool shift towards bacterial residues in this agroecosystem. These results indicated film mulching alone was not benefitial to accumulation of amino sugar while organic manure contributed to the build-up of amino sugar partly due to manure contained microbial residues. The different patterns of amino sugars suggested significant changes in the quality of microbial-derived organic matter.     

Improved RP‐HPLC and anion‐exchange chromatography methods for the determination of amino acids and carbohydrates in soil solutions

In spite of their low concentrations in soil solutions, low–molecular weight organic substances (LMWOS) such as amino acids, sugars, and uronic acids play a major role in the cycles of C and N in soil. With respect to their low concentrations and to possible matrix interferences, their analysis in soil leachates is a challenging task. We established two HPLC (high‐performance liquid chromatography) methods for the parallel determination of amino acids and carbohydrates in soil leachates. The pre‐column derivatization of amino acids with an o‐phthaldialdehyde (OPA) mercaptoethanol solution yields quantitation limits between 0.03 and 0.44 µmol L^–1 and S_D values of <8.3% (n = 9). High‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography (HPAEC) on a Dionex CarboPac PA 20 column with a NaOH acetate gradient combined with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) was used for the determination of carbohydrates. The calibration curves obtained for 11 carbohydrates showed excellent linearity over the concentration range from 0.02 to 50.0 mg L^–1. Recovery studies revealed good results for all analytes (89%–108%). Interferences from Hg(II) salts and chloroform used for stabilization of the leachates did not occur with both chromatographic methods. The optimized method was successfully used for quantitative determinations of amino acids and carbohydrates in soil leachates.     

Adventitious rooting in shoot cuttings of Azadirachta indica and Pongamia pinnata

Adventitious rooting in shoot cuttings of neem (Azadirachta indica) and karanj (Pongamia pinnata) was investigated in different seasons. The influence of auxins and B-vitamins (neem only) was evaluated. Maximum rhizogenesis coincided with the emergence of new sprouts i.e. February (neem) and March (karanj). Considering both rooting percentage and root biomass, IBA was the most effective auxin tested. Compared to auxin free controls, IBA (1000 ppm in neem and 800 ppm in karanj) significantly increased adventitious rooting percentage (80 to 100 % respectively), the numbers of roots and root biomass for both species. In neem, B-vitamin treatment yielded 40–50% rooting for cuttings. This was significantly greater than rooting for controls but equivalent to IAA treatments. In neem, some of the cuttings treated with 2000–3000 ppm IBA had well developed root systems without any sprouts. In karanj, all auxin treatments promoted sprouting. The level of total soluble sugars in the rooting zone of neem and karanj was higher in non-rooted than rooted cuttings.     

磷、钾对番茄可溶性碳水化合物分配的影响

以番茄苗为试验材料,研究了不同浓度磷、钾对番茄植株可溶性碳水化舍物分配的影响。结果表明：磷、钾亏缺处理45d后,与正常磷、钾处理相比,磷亏缺的植株冠根比下降,而钾亏缺的植株冠根比则上升。钾亏缺的植株叶片中,蔗糖、还原糖和总可溶性糖含量均表现为上升,根中则表现为下降。磷亏缺的植株叶片中,蔗糖、还原糖和总可溶性糖含量基本不变,而在根中则表现为不同程度的增加。在叶和根的总可溶性糖中,钾亏缺和磷亏缺的植株,根部总可溶性糖所占的比例分别为10．71％和45．65％,两者的对照分别为28．63％和33．11％。上述结果表明,钾和磷在光合产物的转运中所起的作用不同,植株中营养元素亏缺不同,干物质在不同部位的分配也不同。     

新疆杏果实发育过程中可溶性糖和有机酸的变化

【目的】明确新疆杏果实可溶性糖和有机酸的组成与含量特征,揭示果实发育过程中糖、酸动态变化规律。【方法】以5个新疆杏品种不同发育阶段的果皮和果肉为试验材料,使用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatograph,HPLC)检测各样品中可溶性糖和有机酸,对比分析果实发育过程中其组成与含量的变化情况。【结果】从新疆杏果实中共检测到3种可溶性糖(蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖)。其中,蔗糖和葡萄糖为主要糖。果实成熟时,果皮中两种主要糖分别占总糖含量的60.7%—79.1%和13.5%—34.7%,果肉中占总糖含量的65.5%—82.4%和8.2%—25.9%,果皮、果肉中果糖的含量相对较低,仅占总糖含量的4.6%—10.6%和6.5%—10.7%。整个果实发育过程中,3种可溶性糖和总糖的含量均明显增加,各种糖的比例也发生明显变化。葡萄糖占总糖的比例不断减少,果皮中葡萄糖占总糖比例从79.4%降至13.5%,果肉中从74.1%降至8.2%;而蔗糖的比例不断增加,果皮中从11.0%增加到79.1%,果肉中从11.0%增加到82.4%,成为成熟果实中最主要的糖。从新疆杏果实中共检测到6种有机酸,包括苹果酸、奎宁酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、草酸和富马酸。成熟果实中苹果酸、奎宁酸和柠檬酸是最主要的有机酸,占总酸含量的94.6%—98.3%。果实发育过程中,苹果酸和草酸呈下降趋势,柠檬酸、奎宁酸和富马酸呈上升趋势,酒石酸无明显变化规律。果实发育前期(幼果期至膨大期),总酸的含量明显增加,而在果实成熟过程中(转色期至完熟期)迅速下降。整个果实发育过程中,尽管苹果酸占主导地位,但各品种在有机酸的积累模式上有明显差异,依据其变化特点可分为2种模式:由苹果酸和奎宁酸或苹果酸向苹果酸、奎宁酸和柠檬酸3种主要有机酸共积累。果实成熟时,3种共积累酸的比例在品种间差异较大:‘库尔勒托拥’(KE)、‘阿克牙勒克’(AK)和‘克孜佳娜丽’(KZ)中,柠檬酸苹果酸奎宁酸;‘索格佳娜丽’(SG)中,奎宁酸苹果酸柠檬酸;‘苏联2号’(SL)中苹果酸、奎宁酸和柠檬酸的比例相当。果皮和果肉在可溶性糖、有机酸的组成、含量和积累模式上均无明显差异。【结论】新疆杏果实发育过程中,可溶性糖和有机酸积累呈现明显的变化规律,糖的积累模式由葡萄糖积累型向蔗糖积累型转变,有机酸由苹果酸和奎宁酸积累型或苹果酸积累型向苹果酸、奎宁酸和柠檬酸3种酸共积累的模式转变,糖、酸积累模式的转变在新疆杏果实甜度和酸度以及风味品质决定中都具有十分重要的作用。