MMT改性淀粉基纳米复合纤维的海水降解性能

不可降解渔具造成的“白色污染”和“幽灵捕捞”问题已严重威胁到海洋的生态环境,开发可降解渔具材料已经成为我国渔业可持续发展的有效途径之一。本实验采用熔融纺丝法制备淀粉(STR)/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/纳米蒙脱土(MMT)纳米复合纤维,研究MMT对纳米复合纤维的热学性能、力学性能、动态力学性能与海水降解性能的影响。结果显示,引入MMT后,纳米复合纤维的熔融温度(Tm)移向低温,结晶度增加,而断裂强度下降。此外,MMT的加入显著降低了聚乙烯的玻璃态储能模量和内部损耗,但对淀粉相影响不显著。4个月海水降解结果显示,与STR/HDPE纤维相比,STR/HDPE/MMT纳米复合纤维失重率增加了约5%,纤维直径减小了约11%,这表明MMT加快了STR/HDPE纤维的降解过程。本实验系统研究了MMT改性淀粉基纳米复合纤维的海水降解性能,可为渔业等海洋产业用降解新材料的开发与应用提供参考。     

密云水库库区不同植物篱模式下的氮磷阻控效应

筛选拦截效果最佳、经济效益最佳的植物篱模式,为密云水库水源保护区控制坡耕地氮磷流失提供技术参考。设置“桔梗+狗牙根”“丹参+狗牙根”“桑树+野牛草”“黄芩+野牛草”4种不同的植物篱模式,监测2020年天然降水条件下的地表径流、泥沙以及养分情况,分析不同植物篱模式下径流小区的产流和产沙情况,探讨不同植物篱对坡耕地地表径流、泥沙和养分的拦截效率及其影响因素。结果表明：4种植物篱种植模式都能够起到截流减沙,减轻水环境富营养化的作用,从而避免对下游水体的污染。其中“桑树+野牛草”植物篱效果最为显著,大雨雨强下可以减流57.96%,减沙96.64%,暴雨雨强下可以减流64.63%,减沙97.17%;对氮的相对拦截量为93.14 mg,相对拦截率约88.27%;对磷的相对拦截量为25.17 mg,相对拦截率约80.72%,能有效减少地表径流中的氮、磷含量。在考虑经济效益、社会效益和生态效益下,开展植物篱防控面源污染工作中,最佳的物种选择为“桑树+野牛草”,其次为“黄芩+野牛草”。野牛草在防控水土流失与面源污染方面效果十分显著,可以作为水土保持的先锋植物推广。     

基于职业岗位分析的课程体系开发探索——以环境监测与治理技术专业为例

针对职业教育理论与实践脱离的问题,以环境监测与治理技术专业为例,围绕该专业面向的职业岗位的要求,在职业岗位分析的基础上,构建出由＂职业基础课程＋职业岗位课程＋职业拓展课程＂组成的课程体系,突出了职业岗位要求在课程框架中的主线地位。     

中华鲟ASDIGIRR与ASTRAF6基因的克隆与表达

中华鲟是处在硬骨鱼类与软骨鱼类之间的中国古老的珍稀鱼类之一,但在人工繁殖和养殖过程中,容易受到不同疾病的危害,因此,需要深入研究其免疫调控,为其疾病预防提供理论依据。单个免疫球蛋白白细胞介素-1受体相关分子(SIGIRR)和肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TRAF6)是toll样受体(TLR)信号通路的2个重要的信号转导元件。本研究鉴定了中华鲟的SIGIRR和TRAF6的同源物,分别命名为ASDIGIRR (Acipenser sinensis DIGIRR)和ASTRAF6 (A. sinensis TRAF6),并研究它们在正常组织中的表达和Poly(I:C)诱导后的表达模式。结果显示,ASDIGIRR和ASTRAF6在健康鲟的10个组织中均有表达,且分别在肠道和头肾组织中表达量最高;用Poly (I:C)孵育中华鲟脾脏细胞后,ASDIGIRR在3 h时的表达量显著下调,在6 h时恢复至正常水平,后在24 h显著上调达到最高值,随后开始下调,至48 h时仍显著高于对照组,而ASTRAF6在6 h达到最高表达量,维持到24 h后再下调,48 h时下降至最低水平。研究表明,ASDIGIRR和ASTRAF6在中华鲟抵御病原入侵的免疫防御过程中起着重要作用。     

小石岛刺参国家级水产种质资源保护区综合评价

为全面掌握小石岛刺参国家级水产种质资源保护区状况,于2012―2018年对该保护区的水环境、沉积物环境、海洋生物生态、保护生物资源概况和主要保护对象刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)的遗传多样性进行调查,并分别采用单因子污染指数(Pi)、有机污染指数(A)、生物多样性指数(H')、线粒体DNA D-l...     

福建泉州湾环境质量评价

本文依据2000～2001年福建主要港湾水产养殖容量研究的调查资料，分析并评价了泉州湾的环境质量。结果表明：泉州湾DO、pH值、COD和活性磷酸盐基本符合二类海水水质标准，而无机氮严重超标。由于福建省第三大河流晋江携带大量工农业废水排入该海湾，造成水质无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量偏高，潜在富营养化因素，应加强污水排放的治理和海域环境保护。     

Effects of salinity and temperature during incubation on hatching and development of lingcod Ophiodon elongatus Girard, embryos

The interactive effects of salinity and temperature on development and hatching success of lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus Girard, were studied by incubating eggs at four temperatures (6, 9, 12 and 15°C) and five salinities (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 g L^?1). Hatch did not occur in any of the 15°C treatments. Degree days (°C days) to first hatch was not influenced by temperature or salinity, however, calendar days to first hatch differed significantly for temperature (P<0.0001, 61±1, 44±1 and 35±1 days for 6, 9 and 12°C respectively). Degree days to 50% (427.1±4.2) hatch was not significantly influenced by temperature but was by salinity (P=0.0324). Viable hatch (live with no deformities, 74.1±4.0%) was greatest at 9°C and 25 g L^?1 but not significantly different in the range of 20–30 g L^?1. Larval length (9.4±0.13 mm) was greatest at 9°C and 20–30 g L^?1. Temperature and salinity significantly influenced all categories of deformities with treatments at the upper (12°C and 35 g L^?1) and lower limits (6°C and 15 g L^?1) producing the greatest deformities. The optimal temperature and salinity for incubating Puget Sound lingcod eggs was found to be 9°C and 20–30 g L^?1.     

Effects of oxygen supersaturation and temperature on juvenile greenlip, Haliotis laevigata Donovan, and blacklip, Haliotis rubra Leach, abalone

Growth and survival of juvenile greenlip (39.03 (SD 3.80) mm (n=524)) and blacklip (31.92 (SD 4.19) mm (n=531) abalone were investigated at high dissolved oxygen levels (95–120% saturation) between 17 and 19°C. Abalone were fed the same artificial diet and each species was contained in groups of approximately 30 individuals within triplicate tanks for each of six treatments and were exposed to flow through water adjusted to give experimental conditions for up to 75 days. Blacklip abalone held at 16.9°C and 97% oxygen saturation grew in shell length significantly faster than all other treatments of blacklip abalone held at 19°C, and significantly faster than blacklip abalone maintained at 111% oxygen saturation and 17.5°C. Both temperature and oxygen saturation significantly affected the survival of this species. Blacklip abalone held at 19°C had significantly lower survival for both 96% oxygen saturation and 120% oxygen saturation, compared with blacklip abalone maintained at either 110% oxygen saturation and 19°C, or for any 17°C treatment. No significant differences were noted for greenlip abalone within the range tested in terms of growth rate, food consumption rate or survival, indicating that greenlip abalone tolerated these conditions better than did blacklip abalone.     

美国蓝鳃太阳鱼养殖技术

报道了蓝鳃太阳鱼(Lipomis macroehius)的外部形态、生活、生长、繁殖习性、食性等生物学特征，以及鱼苗培育、成鱼养殖、鱼病防治技术。分析了该鱼发展中存在的问题，并提出建议。     

Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L: a new infectious disease

Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is a disease syndrome of unknown aetiology first observed in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in 1999. In the present study we have demonstrated for the first time that HSMI is an infectious disease. It was induced in Atlantic salmon post-smolts after injection with tissue homogenate from farmed Atlantic salmon previously diagnosed with HSMI. The lesions were also induced in cohabitating salmon given a corresponding injection without tissue homogenate. Six weeks post-challenge the fish that had been injected with tissue homogenate developed a serious epicarditis and myocarditis with mononuclear cell infiltrations in compact and spongy layers of the heart. Similar lesions were found in cohabitants after 10 weeks. The lesions were consistent with samples from field outbreaks of HSMI. No lesions were found in control fish. A viral aetiology is strongly suggested, as no difference in disease induction between an inoculum containing antibiotics and a non-treated inoculum was found. Further investigations are required in order to make conclusions regarding the cause and pathogenesis of HSMI.