CaCl2对超高压改性马铃薯淀粉结构的影响

研究了600MPa超高压下,不同浓度的CaCl2介质对马铃薯淀粉结构的影响。应刚偏光显微镜和X-射线衍射对样品进行了分析测试。结果表明,不管浓度大小如何,CaCl2均可以抑制淀粉的糊化,其偏光十字均保持得较好;低浓度的CaCl2对马铃薯淀粉的结晶结构影响不大,高浓度的CaCl2则由于渗透作用而导致淀粉结晶结构部分发生破坏。     

Starch Content and Granule Size Distribution in Grains of Wheat in Relation to Post-Anthesis Water Deficits

Post-anthesis soil moisture condition is closely associated with grain yield and quality in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). To investigate the effect of post-anthesis water deficit (WD) on starch content and granule size distribution, pot-experiments were conducted in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 growing seasons, using five wheat cultivars with different amylose content. The result showed that the grain starch granules had a bimodal curve in the volume and surface area distribution, and a unimodal curve was found in number distribution. Post-anthesis WD reduced the B-granules (<10 μm in diameter) volume % and surface area % in Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901, increased the proportion in Weimai10, whereas the effect on those in Jinan17 and Shannong15 was not significant. Post-anthesis WD decreased the number % of <2 μm starch granules, significantly in all cultivars. The amylose content was negatively correlated with the volume of <10 μm and positively correlated to >15 μm starch granules, respectively, suggesting that small starch granules (<10 μm) are low in amylose content, whereas, big starch granules (>15 μm) are high. The results indicate that the grain starch granule size distributions of Jinan17 and Shannong15 with high amylose content were less affected by WD, than those of Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901 with low amylose content.     

Combined mutations in five wheat STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II genes improve resistant starch but affect grain yield and bread-making quality

Increases in the proportion of amylose in the starch of wheat grains result in higher levels of resistant starch, a fermentable dietary fiber associated with human health benefits. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of combined mutations in five STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II (SBEII) genes on starch composition, grain yield and bread-making quality in two hexaploid wheat varieties. Significantly higher amylose (∼60%) and resistant starch content (10-fold) was detected in the SBEII mutants than in the wild-type controls. Mutant lines showed a significant decrease in total starch (6%), kernel weight (3%) and total grain yield (6%). Effects of the mutations in bread-making quality included increases in grain hardness, starch damage, water absorption and flour protein content; and reductions in flour extraction, farinograph development and stability times, starch viscosity, and loaf volume. Several traits showed significant interactions between genotypes, varieties, and environments, suggesting that some of the negative impacts of the combined SBEII mutations can be ameliorated by adequate selection of genetic background and growing location. The deployment of wheat varieties with increased resistant starch will likely require economic incentives to compensate growers and millers for the significant reductions detected in grain and flour yields.     

可食性液态膜复合保鲜剂对番茄保鲜效果的研究

以番茄为试材,通过壳聚糖、可溶性淀粉、羧甲基纤维素钠配制成不同浓度的复合保鲜液浸泡涂膜处理,研究其对番茄保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,复合保鲜液涂膜可有效地降低番茄果实的失重率、腐烂率、可溶性固形物含量,抑制多酚氧化酶活性,维持番茄VC含量,保持番茄果实较好的感官品质,且以0.5%壳聚糖+0.8%可溶性淀粉+0.3%羧甲基纤维素钠复配的复合保鲜液涂膜对番茄有较好的保鲜效果,15℃环境下其货架期延长到15 d以上。     

无耦合空间移动并联机构型综合

为解决利用一般型综合方法得到的并联机构具有强运动学耦合性的问题,基于驱动力螺旋理论提出了一种无耦合空间移动并联机构型综合的系统方法。首先建立了无耦合移动并联机构运动输入输出关系的数学模型;然后根据机构速度雅可比矩阵为对角阵的条件推导出分支运动链驱动力螺旋和主动运动螺旋的形式;再根据互易积原理建立了分支运动链非主动运动螺旋的确定方法,给出了分支运动链型综合准则和步骤;最后将所综合的3条分支运动链按照指定的配置方式将动平台和静平台连接起来即可得到具有预期运动特性的机构。本文共综合出60种具有对称结构的无耦合空间移动并联机构,其中非过约束机构有47种,含有惰性副的有29种。所得到的部分机构的雅可比矩阵为单位阵,且其条件数恒等于1。这些机构具有较好的运动和力学传递性能,进一步丰富和完善了并联机构的型综合理论。     

紫花地丁开放花与闭锁花的发育及可溶性糖与淀粉含量的研究

紫花地丁(Viola philippica)为典型的两型花自花受精植物,具有开放花和闭锁花混合繁育系统。通过对开放花和闭锁花花芽形态发育的比较发现:开放花与闭锁花在花芽发育早期形态相似,4轮花器官原基均正常发生。出现明显差异的时期为4轮花器官原基形成以后,小孢子发育时期为产孢细胞阶段,开放花的5个花瓣与5枚雄蕊继续发育,每个雄蕊有4个花药室;而闭锁花只有2枚雄蕊继续发育,每个雄蕊有2个花药室,其余雄蕊与所有的花瓣依然为器官原基状态,不再发育。通过对花芽与叶片可溶性糖与淀粉含量的检测发现,花器官原基形成之后,开放花与闭锁花形态出现明显差异阶段开始,随着花芽的发育,可溶性糖与淀粉含量均呈上升趋势,且开放花花芽中的含量均明显高于对应发育阶段闭锁花花芽;而开放花植株的叶片可溶性糖与淀粉含量均低于闭锁花植株叶片,说明开放花所需要的能量高于闭锁花,推测可溶性糖与淀粉含量的差异与两型花发育有一定的关系。     

环磺酮原药中3个杂质结构的确定及其合成

采用文献中报道的环磺酮的合成工艺合成了环磺酮原药,通过高效液相色谱分析,发现其原药中含有3个质量分数分别大于0.1%的杂质;通过核磁共振氢谱 (1H NMR) 及高分辨质谱 (HRMS) 对3个杂质的结构进行了确证,同时进行了合成。根据合成工艺路线,对该杂质产生的途径进行了分析。     

Low soil temperature reducing the yield of drip irrigated rice in arid area by influencing anther development and pollination

Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings; therefore, it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China. However, high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice, for example, reservoir water. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage. The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18°C, 24°C and 30°C under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation), respectively. The results showed that, at the 30°C soil temperature, drip irrigation increased total root length by 53% but reduced root water conductivity by 9% compared with flood irrigation. Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13% and 5%, respectively. These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress. In the 18°C soil temperature, drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%, leaf water potential by 40% and leaf net photosynthesis by 25% compared with flood irrigation. The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30% less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18°C. Therefore, the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate. Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate, which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice. Overall, the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment, causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate. Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.     

除草剂安全剂3-二氯乙酰基-2-甲基-2-乙基-1,3-噁唑烷的合成与结构分析

首先以三氯化磷、二氯乙酸为原料,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺作催化剂,控制温度85℃,合成了重要反应原料二氯乙酰氯,产率60.8/。然后用氢氧化钠作缚酸剂、三氯甲烷为溶剂,利用二氯乙酰氯、乙醇胺和丁酮为原料,反应温度-4～4℃,搅拌1h,一锅法合成了除草剂安全剂3-二氯乙酰基-2-甲基-2-乙基-1,3-噁唑烷,产率78.6/。最后,对合成的化合物结构应用紫外光谱、红外光谱、核磁共振谱和气相色谱—质谱联机等分析方法进行表征,并对各种光谱谱图进行详细分析。根据光谱数据分析结果确定了除草剂安全剂3-二氯乙酰基-2-甲基-2-乙基-1,3-噁唑烷的结构式。