铵、钾同时存在时, 土壤对铵的优先吸附

The water stability of aggregates in various size classes separated from 18 samples of red soils under different managements, and the mechanisms responsible for the formation of water-stable soil aggregates were studied. The results showed that the water stability of soil aggregates declined with increasing size, especially for the low organic matter soils. Organic matter plays a key role in the formation of water-stable soil aggregates. The larger the soil aggregate size, the greater the impact of organic matter on the water stability of soil aggregates. Removal of organic matter markedly disintegrated the large water-stable aggregates (> 2.0 mm) and increased the small ones (< 0.25-0.5mm) to some extent, whereas removal of free iron(aluminium) oxides considerably destroyed aggregates of all sizes, especially the < 0.25-0.5 mm classes. The contents of organic matter in water-stable aggregates increased with aggregate sizes. It is concluded from this study that small water-stable aggregates (< 0.25-0.5 mm) were chiefly cemented by Fe and Al oxides whilst the large ones (> 2.0 mm) were mainly glued up by organic matter. Both free oxides and organic matter contribute to the formation and water stability of aggregates in red soils.     

Carbohydrate composition in relation to structural stability, compactibility and plasticity of two soils in a long-term experiment

The effects of tillage on soil organic carbon content, carbohydrate content, monosaccharide composition, aggregate stability, compactibility and plasticity were investigated in a field experiment on a gleysol and on a cambisol under winter barley in South-East Scotland. Two long-term treatments (direct drilling and conventional mouldboard ploughing for 22 years) were compared with short-term direct drilling and broadcast sowing plus rotavation for 5 years. Carbohydrate released sequentially to cold water, hot water, 1.0 M HCl and 0.5 M NaOH was determined after hydrolysis as reducing sugar equivalent to glucose in both fresh and air-dried samples. All other measurements were made on dry soils only. About 3% of the soluble carbohydrate was extracted by cold water, 10% by hot water, 12% by HCl and 75% by NaOH from both the dry and fresh soils. The total reducing sugars of the fractions were proportional to the total organic carbon determined by dichromate oxidation or C analysis. Organic carbon and carbohydrates were concentrated near the surface of the direct drilled soil, but were more uniformly distributed with depth in the ploughed soil. The surface soil under direct drilling was more stable, less compactible and had greater plasticity limits than under ploughing. However, particle size distributions were unaffected by tillage so that differences in soil properties were attributed to differences in the quantity and quality of organic matter. Differences in compactibility, structural stability and plasticity limits between depths and tillage treatments correlated with total carbon and with total carbohydrates. The hot water extractable carbohydrate fraction correlated best with aggregate stability and the NaOH fraction correlated best with compactibility and plastic limit. Both fractions were greatest in the long-term direct drilled soil. The hot water fraction had a galactose plus mannose over arabinose plus xylose ratio of 1.0–1.6 in comparison to 0.4–0.7 in the NaOH fraction indicating that the microbial contribution within the hot water-soluble fraction was the greater. The hot-water fraction was likely to contain more exocellular microbial polysaccharides involved in the stabilizing of soil aggregates. The hot-water and NaOH carbohydrate fractions may be good indicators of soil organic matter quality relevant to the preservation of good soil physical conditions.     

硬联接双电机的变频同步驱动方案研究

稳定性问题是硬联接双电机同步驱动系统要解决的关键。根据某拦河坝闸门控制系统的改造方案，论证了硬联接双电机采用转矩随动方式设计变频同步驱动方案的可行性。最终的调试实验结果表明，该系统具有较强的稳定性和优良的调速性能。     

大型厌氧反应器球顶壳稳定性分析

根据轴对称旋转薄壳无矩理论,对大型厌氧反应器的球顶壳进行了静力分析.通过对自重载荷、地面均布载荷、覆土载荷和池内气体均布载荷所引起的沿经向和环向的内力分析,获得稳定性分析的理论依据;通过载荷转化,获得稳定性校验的计算方法;通过对300m3沼气池球顶壳的实例计算,验证了该方法的实用性,从而为大型厌氧反应器的稳定性校核提供了较为快捷、有效的理论方法.     

发酵蓝莓酒品质影响因素及其解决方法

以"北陆"蓝莓为原料,研究果胶酶、护色单宁、酿酒酵母、二氧化硫和原酒冷冻浓缩对蓝莓酒品质的影响,探讨蓝莓酒中甲醇含量高、色素不稳定、有硫臭味、干浸出物含量低、感官品质差的解决方法,以提高蓝莓酒品质.结果表明,蓝莓果浆采用20 mg/L Clarification果胶酶酶解效果好,蓝莓酒中的甲醇含量低;采用浓缩汁发酵蓝莓酒,未检出甲醇,但原酒的典型性减弱;发酵前期加入500 mg/L护色单宁Tanin VR Supra,或陈酿期加入500 mg/L护色单宁Tanin VR Color,可有效提高蓝莓酒色素的稳定性;发酵结束后原酒中加入30 mg/L二氧化硫,既没有硫臭味,又能防止酒体氧化;8％原酒冷冻浓缩为10％原酒可提高干浸出物含量,增强其典型性;使用拉弗德F33酵母发酵酿造蓝莓酒,酒香浓郁,果香鲜明,酒体协调,蓝莓酒品质较优.     

渠道边坡稳定的盐敏感性特征研究

工程中灌排渠道在运行多年后,随着土中含盐量的增加,会造成渠道边坡不同程度的滑塌、变形及结构的破坏。通过对盐化土的剪切试验和界限含水率试验,得到不同含盐量下土的抗剪强度指标和稠度界限,运用单因素试验分析含盐量对土的抗剪强度和稠度界限的影响规律。随着含盐量的增加,土体的团聚体稳定性降低,增加了粘粒的分散性,土的抗剪强度有所下降;同时土的稠度界限也会降低,增大了土的流动性,明确地说明含盐量增加也是影响灌排渠道边坡稳定性重要因素。     

一种四轮转向车辆操纵稳定性仿真分析

对转向时车辆质心侧偏角近似等于零为控制目标的四轮转向车辆操纵稳定性进行仿真分析。在建立四轮转向车辆操纵动力学模型,得到其状态方程的基础上,求解出横摆角速度和侧向加速度与前轮转角的传递函数,借助Matlab/Simulink,进行时域和频域的仿真,并将仿真结果与传统前轮转向车辆做比较,结果表明四轮转向车辆大大提高了车辆的操纵稳定性。     

Differential and successive effects of residue quality and soil mineral N on water-stable aggregation during crop residue decomposition

Residue quality has been shown to influence soil water-stable aggregation (WSA) during crop residue decomposition, but there is still little information about its interactive effect with soil mineral N availability. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of soil mineral N on WSA during the decomposition of two high-C/N crop residues (wheat straw with C/N = 125.6 and miscanthus straw with C/N = 311.3). The two crop residues were combined with three mineral N addition rates (0, 60, and 120 mg N kg⁻¹ dry soil). Respiration, soil mineral N content, and WSA (expressed as mean-weight diameter, MWD) were measured on several dates during a 56-d incubation. The effect of decomposing crop residues on WSA followed two phases. (i) Between 0 and 7 d, the increase in WSA was related to intrinsic residue quality with higher decomposability of the wheat straw resulting in higher WSA. (ii) Thereafter, and until the end of the experiment, mineral N addition rates had a predominant but negative influence on WSA. In this second phase, the average MWD of residue-treated soils was 0.92, 0.55, and 0.44 mm for the 0, 60 and 120 mg N kg⁻¹ dry soil addition rates, respectively. Mineral N addition which did result in higher crop residue decomposition did not lead to higher WSA. WSA during crop residue decomposition is therefore not simply positively related to the induced microbial activity, and changes in microbial community composition with differential effects on WSA must be involved. The impact of high-C/N crop residues inputs on WSA, initially assumed to be low, could actually be strong and long-lasting in situations with low soil mineral N content.     

刮板输送式大棚有机肥排肥装置的设计与试验

目的 解决现有有机肥排肥装置排肥稳定性差的问题,提高大棚内有机肥施撒机械化水平,设计一种刮板输送式大棚有机肥排肥装置。方法 以苏南地区草莓种植大棚为例,依据大棚基本尺寸参数和草莓种植农艺要求,确定排肥装置设计的主要要求。结合散体力学理论对设计的排肥装置关键结构和参数进行分析和确定,确定影响排肥量稳定性的主要因素为排肥轴转速和排肥器开度。搭建室内有机肥排肥试验平台,进行转速与排肥量单因素试验和两因素五水平的响应面试验。结果 转速与排肥量相关性试验结果表明,在试验设定的转速和开度范围内,不同开度条件下,转速和排肥量均呈良好的线性关系,整体的决定系数大于0.9857,排肥量可通过实时调节开度和转速实现调节。响应面试验结果表明,排肥范围内排肥量稳定性较好,排肥轴转速对于排肥稳定性变异系数的影响大于排肥器开度。当排肥器开度为30.42 mm、排肥轴转速为51.5 r/min时,排肥稳定性变异系数结果最优,为1.84%。验证试验结果表明,变异系数相对误差不大于5%,变异系数相对误差均值仅为2.95%,符合要求。对比验证试验表明,常用的螺旋式有机肥排肥器的排肥稳定性变异系数均值为6.12%,本文设计的刮板输送式有机肥排肥器有效提高了有机肥的排肥稳定性。结论 设计的刮板输送式排肥装置具有较好的排肥性能,能够满足设施大棚内有机肥施肥作业要求。     

不同因素对磨盘柿色素稳定性的影响

通过对磨盘柿果实色素的乙醇提取液进行不同处理 ,对果实色素的稳定性进行了研究。在阳光直射 5d以内、室内自然光照射 2 5d以内或在室内避光保存 30d以内的条件下 ,磨盘柿色素在可见光区的最大吸收波长未发生改变 ,但吸光值降低 ,柿色素保留率在 6 0 %以上 ;80℃以上的高温对柿色素有破坏作用 ,但 6 0℃ ,2h以内的高温条件下柿色素的稳定性良好 ;柿色素溶液在pH 6～ 11范围内呈稳定状态 ;供试的 9种金属离子中 ,铁离子对柿色素的稳定性影响最大 ,0 12 5mmol·L-1以上的铁离子使柿色素溶液变浑浊 ,出现沉淀 ,Cu2 + ,Ca2 + 和K+ 次之 ,而Al3 + ,Na+ ,Zn2 + 和Mg2 + 影响较小。质量分数为 1%的苯甲酸钠和山梨酸钾对柿色素稳定性影响不大 ;而质量分数为 2 %的VC对柿色素有保护作用。在加工利用和保存柿色素时 ,需提供有利柿色素的稳定条件 ,才能保持柿色素的营养价值。