Nitrogen pools and turnover in arable soils under different durations of organic farming: II: Source‐and‐sink function of the soil microbial biomass or competition with growing plants?

The following parameters were measured on seven field plots at 3 sites which had been under organic farming for different periods of time: mineral nitrogen (N _min) contents, in situ net nitrogen mineralization (N _net), soil microbial biomass carbon (C _mic), and nitrogen (N _mic) contents, and extractable organic N contents. The measurements were conducted every three weeks from spring 1995/1996 to autumn 1997. The objective was to test whether, under organic farming: 1) temporal fluctuations of N_mic contents over the course of the year are indicative for a source‐and‐sink function for plant‐available N of the soil microbial biomass, and 2) temporal variations in N_mic content can be related with in situ N_net or plant N uptake. N_min contents gradually increased after ploughing in autumn until late winter. During intensive plant growth in spring, values rapidly declined. In situ N_net fluctuated only moderately and reached high values during intensive plant growth (May—July) as well as after soil cultivation in autumn. The C_mic and N_mic contents generally were low in winter, increased in spring and reached maxima in late spring or summer. In spring, the increase in C_mic contents preceded the increase in N_mic contents, resulting in elevated C_mic:N_mic ratios until shooting of winter wheat. This corresponds to an uptake of available soil nitrogen by the plants at the expense of soil micro‐organisms. The subsequent increase in N_mic contents, coinciding with high plant N uptake rates, indicates an enhanced, plant‐induced N mobilization at that time. Possible mobilization mechanisms are discussed. Soil microbial biomass exerted a source‐and‐sink function for extractable organic N on some of the field plots. Estimates of in situ N_net measurements were neither correlated significantly with soil microbial biomass N, N_mic flux, N_mic turnover, nor with plant N uptake. Lower N_mic turnover rates on 41 years versus 3 years organically managed fields indicate a stabilizing effect of organic farming on soil microflora.     

中国森林碳汇的区域差异及动态演进分析

基于1988—2013年全国森林资源清查数据,采用改进的森林蓄积量法估算了中国大陆31个省(市、区)的森林碳汇量,并以单位面积森林碳汇量为指标,借助Dagum基尼系数和Markov链方法系统分析了中国森林碳汇的区域差异及其动态演进趋势。结果表明:1)中国森林碳汇在省域间存在较大差距,由南方林区向西南、东北林区递增变化;2)Dagum基尼系数及其分解结果显示,中国森林碳汇的地区差异呈波动下降趋势。从四大林区来看,南方、北方和东北地区内差距与全国一致,基本呈下降趋势。而西南地区内差距呈现先上升后下降趋势。地区间差距是造成中国森林碳汇区域差异的首要原因,并且地区间净差距和超变密度差距对全国总体差异的贡献率呈此消彼长的"∞"型变化。3)Markov链分析发现,不同水平的森林碳汇地区间跨区流动的可能性较低。但从动态演进来看,中国森林碳汇呈上升态势,预期较低水平的省份将逐步减少,整体会向着高水平趋势发展。     

种植密度对杂交糯高粱群体库源关系的影响

采用裂区试验设计,密度为主区,设置4个密度（9.0万、10.5万、12.0万、13.5万株/hm ²）处理,副区为3个杂交糯高粱品种,共计12个处理,小区面积14m ²,3次重复。研究杂交糯高粱在不同密度条件下群体库源特征的变化。研究结果表明,各生育时期的叶面积指数和源生产能力均与密度显著相关,增加种植密度是增源的关键措施,增加密度可在一定程度上增加群体有效库容量,因此,合理的密植是实现库源协调的关键措施。在高密度条件下,增加穗粒数是进一步提高有效库容量的关键措施。选用类似于泸糯8号这种源足、库大的品种,合理增加种植密度,是四川东南部杂交糯高粱进一步高产的有效途径。     

湖南省2010年 LUCF 温室气体排放清单编制研究

利用湖南省森林资源清查数据,运用生物量法,从森林和其它木质生物质生物量碳储量变化及森林转化碳排放两方面对省级 LUCF 温室气体排放清单编制进行研究。结果表明：湖南省2010年 LUCF 净吸收温室气体1720．54万 t CO2当量,其中森林和其它木质生物质生物量碳储量变化净吸收温室气体1764．54万 t CO2当量,森林转化净排放温室气体44．0万 t CO2当量;通过增加乔木林碳储量,相当于吸收 CO24195．64万 t 。湖南省2008年的特大冰灾导致2010年 LUCF 活动吸收温室气体量比2005年减少了30．93％。     

湖南碳汇项目林主要建群种生物量模型构建

根据湖南碳汇项目林主要类型,充分利用"八五"-"十二五"期间课题组自有成果,同时开展补充调查,以项目林28个主要建群种为研究对象,依据立地条件、林分类型、群落结构、林龄等因素综合布设386个固定样地,按径阶组分不同的树高级选取目标径阶标准样木2 139株,实测标准木生物量,利用11种形式的生物量模型分别对各树种单株生物量进行拟合,得出拟合效果最优的单株生物量模型,通过评价与检验,各模型均具有较好的拟合精度和预估水平。     

干湿交替灌溉耦合施氮对水稻根系性状及籽粒库活性的影响

以新稻20为材料进行土培试验,设置浅水层灌溉(0 kPa)、轻度水分胁迫(–20 kPa)和重度水分胁迫(–40 kPa) 3种灌溉方式及0氮(0N, 0 kg hm-2)、中氮(MN, 240 kg hm-2)和高氮(HN, 360 kg hm-2) 3种氮水平,研究不同水氮耦合处理对水稻根长、根冠比、根系伤流、根系有机酸含量、根系玉米素及玉米素核苷与籽粒酶活性的影响。结果表明,灌溉方式与施氮量存在显著的互作效应,轻度水分胁迫增加了主要生育期根长、根系伤流量、根系分泌物中有机酸总量、根系玉米素及玉米素核苷含量,提高籽粒ATP酶、蔗糖合酶及腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性,降低穗分化后水稻根冠比,且与MN耦合后产量最高,为本试验最佳的水氮耦合运筹模式;重度水分胁迫则显著降低主要生育期根长、根系伤流量、根系分泌物中有机酸总量、根系玉米素及玉米素核苷含量,降低籽粒ATP酶、蔗糖合酶及腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性,增加主要生育期根冠比。水稻籽粒产量与主要生育期水稻根长、根系伤流量、根系分泌物中有机酸总量、根系玉米素及玉米素核苷含量均呈显著或极显著的正相关,而穗分化至成熟期根冠比与水稻产量呈负相关;同时水稻根长、根系伤流量、根系分泌物中有机酸总量、根系玉米素及玉米素核苷含量与籽粒ATP酶、蔗糖合酶及腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性呈显著或极显著的正相关。表明通过适宜的肥水调控发挥水氮耦合效应,可以创造良好的根系形态、提高水稻根系代谢能力和籽粒库的生理活性,促进水稻高产。     

我国森林管理参考水平制定方法的分析

森林管理参考水平的制订是今后气候变化研究的重要内容之一.文中通过总结森林管理的相关定义和森林管理参考水平的制定要求, 讨论附件Ⅰ缔约方在制定森林管理参考水平过程中存在的问题, 结合森林现状分析我国在森林管理参考水平制定过程中将面临的困难, 提出我国森林管理参考水平的制定应包括3个方面的研究内容, 即预测延长森林轮伐期的森林碳储量变化量、木质林产品的碳储量变化量和不可抗力(如火灾、病虫害、暴风雪等)引起的森林碳储量变化量, 三者的加和即为森林管理碳汇活动参考水平.     

城市居民对森林碳汇的认知及参与意愿的实证分析——以哈尔滨市为例

我国碳汇市场的建立从理论阶段开始进入市场阶段,企业与个人成为交易的主体是必然的趋势。文章从这一角度出发,采用问卷调查法,运用logistic模型对哈尔滨城市居民参与森林碳汇的意愿进行实证分析,得出结论并给出建议。     

Unreliable amphibian population metrics may obfuscate more than they reveal

Welsh et al. [Welsh, H.H., Jr. Pope, K.L., Wheeler, C.A., 2008. Using multiple metrics to assess the effects of forest succession on population status: a comparative study of two terrestrial salamanders in the US Pacific Northwest. Biological Conservation 141, pp. 1149–1160] argued for the use of four metrics to monitor population status of two terrestrial amphibians, the Siskiyou Mountains (Plethodon stormi) and Del Norte (Plethodon elongatus) salamanders. We show that inherent problems exist with Welsh et al.’s application of all four of these metrics, and that their inferences about population status are likely to be uncertain as a consequence and potentially misleading to managers. Welsh et al. (2008) used data from different populations and different years to estimate detection probabilities for both P. elongatus and P. stormi, a decision which assumes that detection probabilities do not differ across sites and populations are closed. In addition, Welsh et al. (2008) present count data for both salamanders, a metric that assumes capture probability does not vary by age, gender, size, other individual characteristics, and most importantly in their application, habitat characteristics. Welsh et al. (2008) estimated survival based upon age ratios. Age ratios are known to be biased when immigration and emigration are unequal Conn et al. [Conn, P.B., Doherty, P.F., Jr. Nichols, J.D., 2005. Comparative demography of New World populations of thrushes (Turdus spp.): comment. Ecology 86, pp. 2536–2541]. In source-sink systems, immigration and emigration are expected to be unequal. Thus, the use of this estimation technique to characterize survival in source-sink systems is invalid unless it can be shown that immigration and emigration are equal, a rare occurrence in source-sink systems. The final metric used by Welsh et al. (2008) was an index of body condition, i.e., the residuals of a least squares regression of mass on the length. Several recent articles have outlined a number of potential problems with the technique and a theoretically more robust and efficient alternative has been published. Unfortunately, Welsh et al. (2008) did not provide the details (model diagnostic statistics, tests of assumptions) needed to assess whether or not their analyses of body condition may be accurate. We think that evaluation of specific hypotheses, well-designed sampling programs, and methods such as mark–recapture and ratio sampling are more likely to provide reliable inference than re-analysis of old data sets that were collected for other purposes and obsolete methods (i.e., counting individuals on single occasions) that are known to be flawed. We agree that potential forest management impacts to sensitive taxa require evaluation and monitoring, and that changes in occupancy and abundance are useful metrics for this task (while recognizing that, when feasible to collect, information about reproductive success and survival is superior). However, reliable inference about potential impacts can only be made if reliable methods are employed and if critical assumptions receive empirical evaluation. We offer several suggestions to strengthen inference about management treatments.     

叶果比对甜瓜叶片衰老的影响

露地栽培条件下,人为控制厚皮甜瓜单株留叶数,形成不同的叶果比,分析甜瓜叶片净光合速率、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和丙二醛含量变化,探讨叶果比对甜瓜叶片衰老的影响.结果表明,随着叶果比减小叶片生理活性增强,表明增加库的能力,可以增强叶片的生理活性,但叶果比减小到一定程度后,叶片的生理活性不仅不增强反而会减小,这是因为源的减少促进了叶片的早衰,黄河蜜、银峰、玉金香适宜叶果比分别为66、48、30,说明对一个特定品种来说,都有一个源库协调的问题,过多或不及,均不利于延缓叶片的衰老.相同叶果比下,叶片净光合速率、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖下降幅度和丙二醛上升幅度,黄河蜜>银峰>玉金香,说明大果型品种对摘叶处理反应比银峰中果型和小果型更为敏感.生产实践中,通过整枝减小叶果比,对特定的品种形成适宜叶果比来延缓叶片的衰老,大果型品种叶果比>中果型>小果型.