四甲基戊二酸对夏玉米光合生产特征的调控效应

为研究四甲基戊二酸(TGA)对夏玉米光合特征和产量的调控效应, 2018、2019年在中国农业科学院新乡试验基地开展大田试验,以中单909 (ZD909)和京农科728 (JNK728)为试验材料,设置5个TGA施用梯度(0、75、150、225和300 g hm~(–2))。结果表明,适宜剂量的TGA处理可提高玉米产量、延缓玉米生育期内功能叶的衰老速率,增强灌浆期的净光合速率,试验条件下TGA的最佳施用量为150 g hm~(–2)。在TGA最佳施用量下, ZD909和JNK728的产量相比对照2年平均分别增加8.7%和11.7%。2个品种玉米生育期内叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和光合势相比对照平均分别增加14.3%和19.7%、18.7%和22.7%、10.9%和16.9%;而叶片衰老速率相比对照平均降低了55.9%和56.5%;灌浆期的净光合速率相比对照平均分别增加44.0%和58.4%。相关性分析表明,玉米产量与生育期内叶片衰老速率呈显著负相关,而与灌浆期净光合速率呈显著正相关。综上, TGA处理能够提高叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量,延缓玉米叶片衰老速率,并提高了灌浆期净光合速率,进而实现玉米增产。     

Selection of ethylene-resistant carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by video recording system and their response to ethylene

We used conventional cross-breeding techniques to develop a carnation with low ethylene sensitivity. A time-lapse video recording system for evaluating ethylene sensitivity of flowers, developed in our earlier study, proved useful for this breeding. We selected 10 new ethylene-resistant lines, in addition to the previously selected line 64–54. Lines 902–48a, 234–43S, and 234–36S showed extremely low ethylene sensitivity. The response time to 10 μL L⁻¹ ethylene of these three lines exceeded 50 h in two independent experiments (2004 and 2005), whereas that of three sensitive control cultivars (‘White Sim’, ‘Excerea’, and ‘Scania’) was 6.2–8.0 h. The mean vase life of the ethylene-resistant lines ranged from 7.6 to 12.7 days (1.4–2.3 times that of ‘White Sim’). The application of ethylene to carnation flowers induced autocatalytic ethylene production in both petals and gynoecia of 9 of the 11 ethylene-resistant lines without petal wilting, indicating that the autocatalytic ethylene production was regulated independently of the petal wilting reaction. This result further suggests that these lines have normal ethylene receptors and produce ethylene autocatalytically, but their petal wilting reaction stops at a point beyond the receptor. Two lines (118–64S and 120–69S) showed extremely low ethylene production at flower senescence and very low autocatalytic ethylene production from petals and gynoecia.     

Phenological development, leaf emergence, tillering and leaf area index, and duration of spring wheat across Europe in response to CO2 and ozone

Phenological development, leaf emergence, tillering and leaf area index (LAI), and duration (LAD) of spring wheat cv. Minaret, grown in open-top chambers at different sites throughout Europe for up to 3 years at each site, were investigated in response to elevated CO₂ (ambient CO₂×2) and ozone (ambient ozone ×1.5) concentrations.

Phenological development varied among experiments and was partly explained by differences in temperature among sites and years. There was a weak positive relationship between the thermal rate of development and the mean daylength for the period from emergence to anthesis. Main stems produced on average 7.7 leaves with little variation among experiments. Variation was higher for the thermal rate of leaf emergence, which was partly explained by differences in the rate of change of daylength at plant emergence among seasons. Phenological development, rate of leaf emergence and final leaf number were not affected by CO₂ and ozone exposure. Responses of tillering and LAI to CO₂ and ozone exposure were significant only in some experiments. However, the direction of responses was consistent for most experiments. The number of tillers and ears per plant, respectively, was increased as a result of CO₂ enrichment by about 13% at the beginning of stem elongation (DC31), at anthesis and at maturity. Exposure to ozone had no effect on tillering. LAI was increased as a result of CO₂ elevation by about 11% at DC31 and by about 14% at anthesis. Ozone exposure reduced LAI at anthesis by about 9%. No such effect was observed at DC31. There were very few interactive effects of CO₂ and ozone on tillering and LAI. Variations in tillering and LAI, and their responses to CO₂ and ozone exposure, were partly explained by single linear relationships considering differences in plant density, tiller density and the duration of developmental phases among experiments. Consideration of temperature and incident photosynthetically active radiation in this analysis did not reduce the unexplained variation. There was a negative effect of ozone exposure on leaf area duration at most sites. Direct effects of elevated CO₂ concentration on leaf senescence, both positive and negative, were observed in some experiments. There was evidence in several experiments that elevated CO₂ concentration ameliorated the negative effect of ozone on leaf area duration. It was concluded from these results that an analysis of the interactive effects of climate, CO₂ and ozone on canopy development requires reference to the physiological processes involved.     

6—BA对油茶离体叶片衰老的延缓作用

在照光和黑暗条件下研究了不同浓度的６－ＢＡ和ＧＡ＋６－ＢＡ混合剂处理对油茶离体叶片衰老的影响．结果表明,在光条件下６－ＢＡ可以保持叶片细胞的超氧歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性（为对照的１２９％）,降低了膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的积累（为对照的４７％）,延缓叶绿素和蛋白质的降解．说明６－ＢＡ有延缓叶片衰老的作用,在黑暗条件下上述生理指标的水平较低,表明光对６－ＢＡ的作用有一定的增益效应．ＧＡ＋６－ＢＡ混合剂处理没有明显效果     

香椿种子衰老机理

采用人工加速老化方法研究了香椿种子衰老与膜脂过氧化作用的关系。结果表明：随着种子老化程度的增加,产生速率增快,MDA含量增高,膜透性增大。人工老化处理5d的香椿种子,其MDA含量、相对电导率及产生速率分别较对照种子高96．20％,45．56％和353．49％香椿种子活力与膜脂过氧化程度呈显著的负相关。这表明膜脂过氧化可能是导致香椿种子衰老的主要原因之一。     

梅花采后衰老的内源激素调节

瓶插实验、ＧＣ及ＥＬＩＳＡ检测证实,ＳＴＳ及６ ＢＡ可有效抑制梅花脱落及乙烯释放,间接表明梅花脱落与乙烯有关．动态测定还表明,乙烯及ＩＡＡ是调节梅花脱落衰老的重要因子．在离体及连体梅花中,ＡＢＡ分别在开放期前后参与了衰老调节．ＣＴＫ匮乏导致梅花衰老,其外源应用可抑制乙烯生成及梅花脱落,因此ＣＴＫ是梅花延衰的主要因子．ＧＡ仅有利于促进梅花绽开率,而并非为其延衰因子．根据上述结果,制定了切花梅科学的保鲜对策     

多胺与切花衰老的关系

就切花中多胺的代谢、内源多胺的变化、多胺对切花衰老的影响以及多胺与乙烯的关系作了简要综述     

月季切花衰老与含水量、膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的关系

研究月季品种萨蔓莎切花衰老过程中含水量、鲜重、保护酶活性的变化情况和膜脂过氧化水平．结果表明：花瓣含水量、鲜重和可溶性蛋白的质量分数在瓶插前期先升高, ４ ｄ 后迅速下降;瓶插过程中,细胞膜相对透性增加,过氧化物酶活性迅速上升,过氧化氢酶和超氧物歧化酶活性前２ 天上升后接着迅速下降．失水和膜脂过氧化水平的增加是月季切花衰老的主要生理原因     

地膜覆盖栽培对春小麦叶片衰老特性的影响

为了揭示春小麦在地膜栽培条件下是否早衰的问题,采用管栽模拟试验的方法,研究了地膜覆盖和露地栽培条件下春小麦叶片的叶绿素、蛋白质、叶片丙二醛(M DA)含量和细胞质膜相对透性的变化。结果表明,采用地膜覆盖栽培方法,在春小麦生长前期能明显提高叶片叶绿素和蛋白质的含量(日均增加量分别比露地春小麦高31.49%和7.94%),但后期又会加速其降解速率;M DA含量和细胞质膜相对透性均表现为覆膜处理高于露地处理(日均增加量分别比露地春小麦高71.96%~11.78%和2.42%~9.57%)。说明覆膜栽培可使春小麦提前进入正常衰老阶段,但由于其增温、保湿等效应,使春小麦生长量增加,穗粒数和穗粒重比露地春小麦提高22.95%和27.68%,表现出良好的增产效应。     

高产春玉米灌浆期碳氮积累、转运及叶片衰老特性对深松深度的响应

试验采用深松35 cm（S35）和深松25 cm（S25）及不深松（CK）3个处理,比较分析各处理间吐丝后地上部干物质、氮素积累量的差异和叶片SAPD值、群体叶面积的变化。结果表明,灌浆期地上部干物质、氮素积累量均表现为S35>S25>CK处理,且随着生育进程的推进和深松深度的增加,其差异明显增大。在吐丝后36 d,各深松处理子粒干物质和氮素积累量均占成熟期的60%之上,均以S35最高;棒三叶以下叶片的氮素输出量表现为CK >S25 >S3处理;群体叶面积下降幅度表现为CK >S25 >S35处理,以吐丝后18～36 d下降最为明显;深松处理延缓了穗位叶、穗位上、下第1叶和穗位上第2叶SPAD值的下降。随深松深度的增加深松作用显著,在灌浆后期表现更明显。