国家粮食安全的农业科技长效支撑机制探讨

确保国家粮食安全是农业科技发展的永恒目标。本文立足国情和农情,总结了农业品种、生产技术等在粮食生产中的作用,分析了未来5~10年国家粮食安全形势,提出了构建国家粮食安全的农业科技长效支撑机制和政策措施,供有关部门决策参考。     

菏泽市2018年畜间布病监测结果分析

为全面掌握菏泽市畜间布病流行情况,加强布病的防治工作,2018年菏泽市开展了牛羊布病基线调查监测工作,对监测结果用Excel统计计算,并进行总结分析,指出菏泽市畜间布病阳性率上升的原因,并对畜间布病防控提出建议。     

Exploring the use of a dialogue process to tackle a complex and controversial issue in forest management

This article explores the use of a dialogue process to approach complex issues related to forest management. An interdisciplinary research team set up an experimental dialogue process concerning the use of introduced tree species in Southern Sweden for the purposes of climate change adaptation. The process involved stakeholders at a regional level, including those with divergent opinions regarding introduced tree species and their use in forestry. Through a process of repeated meetings and exchanges with researchers, the participant's knowledge was deepened and group relationships developed such that the group was able to jointly formulate a set of policy recommendations. The investigation revealed that dialogue processes may improve decision-making by identifying priorities for action or further research. However, when a collaborative process targets complex environmental issues on larger geographical and temporal scales, as matters about forests typically do, a collaborative process must be integrated with external actors and institutions in order to attain tangible outcomes. Consequently, to fully access the benefits of using collaborative processes to handle complex challenges in forest policy and management, the connections between political sphere, the private sector, authorities and research institutions must be concretely established.     

Mineral fertilizer response and nutrient use efficiencies of East African highland banana (Musa spp., AAA-EAHB,cv. Kisansa)

Poor yields of East African highland bananas (Musa spp., AAA-EAHB) on smallholder farms have often been attributed to problems of poor soil fertility. We measured the effects of mineral fertilizers on crop performance at two sites over two to three crop cycles; Kawanda in central Uganda and Ntungamo in southwest Uganda. Fertilizers were applied at rates of 0N–50P–600K, 150N–50P–600K, 400N–0P–600K, 400N–50P–0K, 400N–50P–250K and 400N–50P–600K kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. In addition 60Mg–6Zn–0.5Mo–1B kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ was applied to all treatments, with the exception of the control plots which received no fertilizer. Fresh bunch mass and yield increased with successive cycles. Yield increases above the control ranged from 3.1 to 6.2 kg bunch⁻¹ (average bunch weight for all treatments 11.5 kg bunch⁻¹) and 2.2–11.2 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (average yield for all treatments 15.8 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) at Kawanda, compared with 12.4–16.0 kg bunch⁻¹ (average bunch weight for all treatments 14.7 kg bunch⁻¹) and 7.0–29.5 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (average yield for all treatments 17.9 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) at Ntungamo. The limiting nutrients at both sites were in the order K > P > N. Potassium, N and P foliar nutrient mass fractions were below previously established Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms, with the smallest K mass fractions observed in the best yielding plots at Ntungamo. Total nutrient uptakes (K > N > P) were higher at Ntungamo as compared with Kawanda, probably due to better soil moisture availability and root exploration of the soil. Average N, P and K conversion efficiencies for two crop cycles at both sites amounted to 49.2 kg finger DM kg⁻¹ N, 587 kg finger DM kg⁻¹ P and 10.8 kg finger DM kg⁻¹ K. Calibration results of the model QUEFTS using data from Ntungamo were reasonable (R² = 0.57, RMSE = 648 kg ha⁻¹). Using the measured soil chemical properties and yield data from an experiment at Mbarara in southwest Uganda, the calibrated QUEFTS model predicted yields well (R² = 0.68, RMSE = 562 kg ha⁻¹). We conclude that banana yields can be increased by use of mineral fertilizers, but fertilizer recovery efficiencies need to improve substantially before promoting wide-scale adoption.     

天水市养蜂产业发展现状与思考

养蜂产业是天水市重点发展的农业特色产业,对发展地方经济、增加农民收入、促进农业绿色发展、提高农作物产量、保护修复生态环境、助推精准扶贫等具有重要意义。近年来,天水市狠抓产业扶贫,以"创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享"新发展理念为引领,充分利用良好的生态环境,瞄准精准扶贫开发对象,将养蜂业定为畜牧产业扶贫特色优势项目,走出了一条脱贫致富的新路子,增加了投入力度,促进了全市养蜂业的快速发展。     

对常德市基层农技推广体系建设的思考与建议

农技推广体系作为农业现代化服务的主体,在提高粮食生产能力,促进农民增收做出重要的历史贡献,在建设社会主义新农村方面将起到重要的作用。在分析常德市乡镇农技推广体系的现状的基础上,针对农技推广体系建设中存在的问题,提出常德市基层农技推广体系建设的思路与建议。     

Factors in making fertilizer recommendations

Abstract

In situ elemental distributions and shifts were determined in basipetal root and stem tissues of tomato by x‐ray fluorescence. Some significant elemental distributions and shifts occurred in the tissues and organs. Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr concentrated in the root and Br in the stem. Cortical tissues concentrated Fe, whereas vascular tissues concentrated Cu and Zn. Most of the Cl, Br, and Sr concentrated in the phloem—Br in the stem phloem, Sr in the root phloem, and Cl evenly distributed in the phloem of both organs. A positive Rb‐Sr association was unique for cortical tissue of both organs, and a positive Ca‐Sr association was characteristic of the xylem of both organs. Mutual elemental associations characterized transport and distribution of the elements in the tissues.     

Response of Lima Bean to Inorganic Nitrogen and Broiler Manure Sources and Rates

Abstract

Applying animal manure to crops is a good disposal practice that also recycles nutrients. A 2‐year study was conducted involving lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and two N sources, ammonium nitrate (AN, 340 g N kg^?1), and broiler chicken manure (BM, 10 g N kg^?1). The sources were tested at five N rates (0, 67, 135, 202, and 269 kg N ha^?1) in a split‐plot design with N source as the main plot and N rate as the subplot. Treatments were replicated three times in 2000 and four times in 2001. Leaf tissue (early flowering stage) was analyzed for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn). Although most nutrients were within or above the sufficiency range, K and Cu limited crop production for all treatments. There was no difference between N sources for fresh pod yields. The highest fresh pod yield occurred at 213 kg N ha^?1, but the critical point was obtained with 100 kg N ha^?1, a rate agreeing with current University of Florida recommendations.     

Soil test values of several soils under forage crops

Abstract

Soil test values of samples taken by 2.5 cm increments to 15.0 cm from forage research plots, grazing studies and a beef cow pasture showed great differences due to differences in management. Sampling the 0–7.5 cm soil depth is suggested over sampling the plow layer (0–17.5 cm) as a more meaningful method of evaluating the fertility status of pastures and hay meadows.     

Use of Fishpond Recommendations in the Rural Niger Delta of Nigeria

Application of fishpond production recommendations by rural beneficiaries of the Green River Project in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria was examined in this study. A sample size of 270 beneficiaries of the Project was selected through stratified and random sampling methods. Data elicited through the questionnaire and interview schedule were analyzed with frequencies, percentages, analysis of variance, and means separation. Results indicated a high (73.78%) mean rate of application. Interstocking of catfish with tilapia was the most (77%) applied recommendation. The highest rate of application was in Bayelsa State with 80.93%, followed by Rivers State with 77.42% and, lastly, by Imo State with 63.07%. Bayelsa and Rivers State application rates varied significantly from that of Imo State. The study recommends a more intensive agricultural extension effort by the Project in Imo State.