Does interplot interference affect the screening of wheat for yellow rust resistance?

Summary In small plots, adjacent to one another, a representational error can be expected when screening for quantitative forms of resistance to airborne pathogens. The representational error or interplot interference may occur as an underestimation of the level of resistance and/or as an error in the ranking of the entries tested.Four experiments were carried out with wheat (Triticum aestivum) exposed to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis), three in Kenya, one in Mexico (exp. III).In experiment I 57 entries were compared in an unreplicated trial with three adjacent and one isolated plot situation. The range in the standard deviation of and the ranking order for disease severity (DS) between the 57 entries were the same for all plot situations at all observation dates.In experiment II nine entries from experiment I, representing a wide range of quantitative resistance and having a similar heading date, were compared in adjacent plots consisting of two rows of 10 m in eight replicates and isolated plots of one, six and ten rows of 4 m in three replicates. The range in the standard deviation of and the ranking order for DS between the entries were very similar for the four plot situations.The 10 entries in experiment III differed from those in experiment II, but represented a similar wide range of resistance. Three adjacent plot situations of 0.9×0.5 m, 0.9×2.0 m and 2.7×2.0 m, respectively, were compared with one isolated one with plots of 2.7×2.0 m. The ranking order was not affected, the range in and the standard deviation of the DS in the isolated plots were slightly larger than in the adjacent plots.In experiment IV two mixtures of two entries each were made. Per mixture one entry was fairly resistant (R) the other rather susceptible (S). Within each mixture the entries had a similar heading date. The ratios of the R:S mixtures were 0:100, 50:50, 67:33, 75:25, 82:18 and 100:0. The DS of each entry was the same as its DS in monoculture irrespective of the mixture ratio. There was no mixture effect on DS.The three experiments in Kenya gave no indication of any interplot interference occurring. In Mexico there was a very slight underestimation of the resistance in adjacent plots. The ranking order was always the same irrespective of the test plot situation. The screening of wheat for yellow rust resistance in small adjacent plots is representative for the farmers fields. This is contrary to what has been found in other windborne pathosystems such as barley-barley leaf rust (strong under estimation of resistance), barley-powdery mildew (some under estimation of resistance and different ranking order) and durum wheat-stem rust (fair under estimation of resistance).     

THE METHOD OF FORMING HOURLY OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE BY SPLINE FUNCTIONS AND ANAYSIS OF ERRORS

It is necessary to input the hourly meteorological data in order to analyze building annual energy consumption and to simulate dynamically air-conditioning systems.The hourly outdoor temperature constituted by cubic splineinterpolation when forming meteorological data is used for building energy anal-ysis.This paper analyzes the theory of spline function interpolation errors affe-cted by boundary conditions and introduces the methods to decrease interpolationerror.     

An Exchange Algorithm for the Best Chebyshev Normal Approximation by Quadratic Curves

According to the criterion of measuring profile error,a mathematical model for the best approximation to profile of gear is presented;the characteristic of the best quadratic curve approximation is derived.An algorithm and its convergence are discussed.Finally,the quadratic curve approximations to the profiles of many gears are obtained efficiently by the algorithm.The approximation errors are less than 0.8 micrometers.     

面向轴类零件误差检测的虚拟检测单元研究

虚拟检测技术是对虚拟加工的扩展和深入研究,能为虚拟加工环节提供误差检测以便进行误差补偿。本文利用VC 6.0和WTK软件构建了针对轴类零件的误差检测单元,实现了轴类零件误差的自动检测。     

新型实验热压机的控制系统

介绍一种用于人造板工艺研究的最新研制的新型实验热压机控制系统，并简要描述了这种新型实验热压机的基本控制原理。该机的研制成功，为人造板新型热压工艺的研究打下了基础。     

Working time design for industrial forest plantations in East Kalimantan

The objectives of this study were to clarify physiological loads under tropical conditions and to establish a proper working time design for tropical forestry operations. The research was conducted in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, in 1995. In this research, physiological loads and thermal conditions were investigated under various conditions,i.e., in forests and nurseries, on roads and at logged-over areas. Using the standards of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), a structure of work to rest proportions could be designed properly. Results showed that felling and cutting trees and weeding in the forest could be done continuously early in the morning and with 25% rest time for the remainder of the work day. Spreading fertilizer at the nursery could be done almost continuously all day. Road maintenance could be performed continuously during early morning but 50–100% rest time was needed for the remainder of the day. At logged-over areas, path clearing using chainsaws and soil hoeing required 50% rest early in the morning and 75–100% rest after that time, while planting required 25% rest early in the morning and 50–100% rest after that time. In conclusion, work done at logged-over areas required a greater percentage of rest time than work at other locations except early in the morning. A part of this paper was orally presented at the 107th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1996). Corresponding author.     

支提山突脉青冈天然林主要植物种群生态位研究

采用定量分析方法,计测突脉青冈天然林主要乔木树种的生态位宽度、生态位相似比例和生态位重叠值.结果表明:组成突脉青冈天然林的种群大多数为宽生态位,种群之间关系较复杂,对资源具有一定的共享性;种群之间的生态位相似比例和生态位重叠值反映了亚热带常绿阔叶林的生态特征.     

网络应用软件监控系统管理代理的设计与实现

对简单网络管理协议中管理信息库和协议数据单元进行扩充,采用面向对象的技术,设计并实现了面向应用软件的网络监控系统.该系统提供了对应用程序类中成员变量和成员函数的监控功能.研究了管理代理的功能模块设计、内存文件映射与同步机制应用、报文分组算法与差错控制机制等.管理代理作为系统的通信中心,一方面,完成收集各应用程序实例的监控信息任务.另一方面,具有发送受控站点的管理信息以及转发管理站点的控制信息功能.从而实现了管理代理与监控模块及管理站点间监控信息实时、准确的交换.     

基于动态电价引导的风光水储多源能量管理

按比例发展原理是马克思社会再生产理论中的一条重要原理.由于在经典的马克思社会再生产理论的相关公式中,生产资料、消费资料部类内部各部分之间的相互比例是固定不变的,所以这条原理当中所讲的比例,就简化为仅指两大部类之间的比例.从而,按比例发展原理成为一个十分确切的命题.已经有研究证明了从某一年起两大部类平衡增长的充要条件和静态意义下的两大部类扩大再生产的充要条件,本文区分第Ⅰ部类资本利润率不高于第Ⅱ部类和高于第Ⅱ部类两种情形,分别给出了社会扩大再生产持续进行的充分必要条件,从而使按比例发展原理深化成为“两大部类扩大再生产的按比例发展定理”.这个定理为调控和优化社会再生产的决策变量标明了取值区间.     

SVR电波流速仪的比测试验与分析

介绍美国产SVR电波流速仪的性能和特点,以民和水文站为例,对美国产SVR电波流速仪进行对比试验分析,得出水面及中泓系数。证明美国产SVR电波流速仪为一种理想且先进的水面流速测量仪器,同时试验分析成果可供其他水文站借鉴和参考。