论大学生社会实践在建设社会主义新农村中的作用

大学生社会实践活动作为高校人才培养与社会服务的重要环节,在促进经济社会发展中发挥了重要作用。面对社会主义新农村建设的新形势,本文阐述了进一步推进大学生社会实践活动对于增创农村经济效益,推进农村精神文明建设,建立健全农村社会保障制度,构建农村和谐的人与人、人与自然间的关系等的战略意义。     

降雨强度对农业耕作措施水土保持作用的影响

利用人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同降雨强度下,不同农业耕作措施坡地水土流失特征。试验设计的坡地坡度分别为5°和15°,降雨强度分别为60、90、120 mm·h^-1;耕作措施分别为等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕,以相同坡度的平整坡地作为对照。结果表明：（1）随着降雨强度的增大,各耕作措施坡地产流量显著增大1.51倍以上,最大增加幅度为等高耕作坡地的2.28倍。而坡地产沙量在降雨强度较小时增加不显著,当降雨强度增大到120 mm·h^-1时,坡地产沙量显著增大;（2）与平整坡地相比,等高耕作在3个降雨强度下都具有明显的减流效益,减流量均大于15%,而人工锄耕和人工掏挖却不明显;（3）在5°坡地上,等高耕作和人工掏挖在3个降雨强度的减沙效益均大于25%,而人工锄耕减沙效益不明显;在坡度为15°、降雨强度为60 mm·h^-1和90 mm·h^-1时,人工锄耕和人工掏挖减沙效益与降雨强度关系无明显规律,在降雨强度为120 mm·h^-1时,3个耕作措施都不能有效降低坡地产沙量。可见,水土保持农业耕作措施具有降低坡地产流量的作用,而对于坡地产沙的作用存在明显差异,在大坡度和大降雨强度下,不仅不能降低坡地产沙,反而加剧坡地土壤流失。     

Effects of post-harvest foliar boron and calcium applications on subsequent season's pollen germination and pollen tube growth of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar boron and calcium application after harvest on the quantity and activity of pollen in the ‘Housui’ and ‘Wonwhang’ pears on a subsequent year. Pollen grains of the ‘Housui’ pear were cultured on germination medium, to which had been added boric acid (0, 25, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg L⁻¹) and calcium nitrate (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, and 500 mg L⁻¹). Boric acid, which was added to the germination media, exerted a significant stimulatory effect on both pollen germination and pollen tube growth, although pollen tube growth was inhibited at higher concentrations than 300 mg L⁻¹. Calcium nitrate addition stimulated pollen germination, except at concentration of 500 mg L⁻¹. However, pollen tube growth was significantly inhibited with increasing concentrations of calcium nitrate. In the orchard experiment, boron and calcium were sprayed at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 500 or 1000 mg L⁻¹ onto leaves after harvest, respectively. Boron and calcium content in the tissues as well as pollen production and growth were determined after these treatments. The foliar application of boron mainly resulted in an increase of boron concentration in buds. It also induced an increase in the weight of the anther and pollen in the following year. On the other hand, the foliar application of calcium resulted in an increase of calcium concentration mainly in the leaves, but pollen weight was decreased at high concentration treatment in the following year. The germination rate and tube growth of collected pollen were highest in the trees which had received boron treatment at a concentration of 200 mg L⁻¹. In contrast, the germination rate and tube growth of collected pollen were decreased by calcium application at concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg L⁻¹ without significant increase at lower concentrations. Consequently, the accumulation of boron in the developed buds of pear trees subjected to post-harvest foliar boron application generated positive effects on both the quantity and quality of pollen in the following year.     

机械工程认识实习教学模式的创新与实践

机械工程认识实习足本科生进入专业课程学习之前的一个集中实践教学环节。在分析了过去认识实习教学中存在的问题的基础上,提出了其改革的方向和途径;阐述了机械工程认识实习校内实践教学平台的建设方案和内容。通过组织实施三届大规模的认识实习,验证了校内实践教学平台建设方案的可行性。     

提高水产养殖专业生产实习质量的实践与思考——产学研合作教育

生产实习是水产养殖专业实践教学的重要组成部分。它重在理论联系实际,使学生能巩固所学的专业知识,提高发现问题、解决问题的能力。生产实习对于大学生实践能力的培养、综合素质的提高起着重要作用。通过产学研合作教育的实践,探索出了一种适合新时期生产实习教学模式,提高生产实习质量的有效途径,并对实习中存在的一些问题进行了探讨。     

浅谈遗传学课程本科教学思考与体会

遗传学已成为众多高等教育院校生物类专业本科生重要的必修或选修课程,但是由于该课程理论性较强、前沿知识和技术发展迅速、内容广、难点多,本科生在学习过程中往往觉得难度大、缺乏主观能动性;本文针对目前遗传学课程本科教学中存在的问题,探讨遗传学课程教学改革的措施,以期建立合理完善的课程体系、制定合理的教学方法,提高遗传学课程的教学质量。     

把说课引入高师试讲环节的教学实践

说课属于基础教育中一种新型的集体备课或教研活动形式.近年来,由于其在丰富教师备课内容、提高课堂教学效果、促进教学质量提高等方面的突出作用,已引起教育界的广泛关注和迅速推广,并日渐成为提高教师素质的一种有效手段.教学实践证明,把说课引入高师试讲环节,对于提高高师学生的职业技能是十分有效的.     

加强教学方法探索提高专业课教学质量

根据多年的教学实践,从激发和调动学生的学习兴趣与提高学生的实践动手能力两个方面探讨了提高专业课教学质量的方法。通过创设问题情景、参与式教学、多媒体教学和案例教学等教学方法,激发和调动了学生的学习兴趣;采用让学生亲自动手采样实验、设计实习方案和撰写课程论文等教学手段,提高了学生的动手能力和综合素质。     

含水量和容重对旱地耕层土壤热导率的影响及预测

土壤热导率是研究地表能量平衡和土壤水热运移过程中的一个基础参数。受土壤耕作、干湿交替和根系生长等过程的影响,耕层土壤的含水率和结构呈现较强的变异特征,而目前缺乏关于定量分析耕层土壤热导率变异特征的研究。该研究利用田间定位试验,采用热脉冲技术测定了含水率和容重变化条件下耕层土壤热导率的变异特征,并利用传递函数模型对耕层土壤热导率进行了预测。结果表明:含水率和容重是影响耕层土壤热导率变异的主要因子,而耕作强度和干湿交替是这种变异的关键驱动力;与翻耕和旋耕处理相比,免耕处理提高了土壤容重和含水率,从而增大了土壤热导率;在干湿交替作用下,翻耕后土壤容重逐步增加,耕层热导率也呈现上升趋势,波动幅度与含水率的变化相关。基于含水率、容重和质地信息,土壤热导率传递函数模型可以给出可靠的田间土壤热导率估计值,其均方根误差和平均偏差分别为0.09和-0.01 W/(m·K);考虑耕层土壤容重的动态信息,可以提高该模型预测土壤热导率的准确性。     

Tomato fruit quality as influenced by the interactions between agricultural techniques and harvesting period

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) is an important crop in terms of its economic and nutritional value. Many factors, including cultivar, climate, geography, geochemistry, and agricultural practice, can affect its nutrient concentrations. An HJ‐biplot study was performed to examine the effects of cultivar (Dorothy, Boludo, Dominique, Thomas, and Dunkan), agricultural practices, climatic factors, and their interactions. Significant differences were analyzed using a one‐way ANOVA. All samples were collected and assayed at the same degree of ripeness. In the conventional and organic tomato samples, those harvested from December to April had the highest concentrations of fructose, glucose, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, protein, Na, and Mg, while those harvested in October had the highest concentrations of lycopene and hydroxycinnamic acid. There were high concentrations of Ca, P, Zn, and Cu in the no‐soil tomatoes. Conventional and organic cultivation practices showed similar results with respect to the collection period, both presenting high organic compound concentrations, while high mineral concentrations seemed to correspond to the no‐soil practice. No clear pattern was observed among the different cultivars, perhaps due to all the samples having been collected at the same degree of ripeness.